一.產品介紹
定襄(xiang)(xiang)甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)產(chan)(chan)于山西省(sheng)忻州市定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)。甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)在(zai)定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)栽培歷史悠久,人(ren)文積淀深厚。據現存最早(zao)的定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)《雍正五(wu)(wu)年重(zhong)續(xu)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載,甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)是(shi)定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)較早(zao)的物產(chan)(chan)之(zhi)一,“七(qi)夕女(nv)子用瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)果盛(sheng)庭中乞巧(qiao),七(qi)月十五(wu)(wu)以(yi)麻線懸各(ge)門首(shou)亭午(wu)請而(er)祭之(zhi)以(yi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)果紙供薦(jian)祖塋,中秋(qiu)用瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)果餅豆相饋(kui)遺(yi)以(yi)助賞月”,其中前兩種“瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)”指的即為(wei)甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)。據成書于上世紀90年代的《定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)農業(ye)(ye)資源集》介(jie)紹,甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)在(zai)定襄(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)(xian)較古老的栽培品(pin)(pin)(pin)種有“燈籠紅”、“蛤蟆(ma)皮”等,種植面積較大,品(pin)(pin)(pin)種較佳,多在(zai)平川水地種植。特別是(shi)近年來,隨著設施農業(ye)(ye)的興(xing)起,春早(zao)熟甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種的引進,棚室甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)育苗技術的推廣,嫁接技術的突(tu)破,甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種植面積不斷(duan)擴(kuo)大,品(pin)(pin)(pin)質不斷(duan)提高,成為(wei)全省(sheng)重(zhong)要的甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)生產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地。
二.自然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境和人文歷史因素
1.地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌定襄縣地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)忻定盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),總(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)特征是:東(dong)、北南群(qun)山(shan)(shan)環繞(rao),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)復雜多樣(yang),既有(you)(you)峰(feng)巒高(gao)聳、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)崎嶇的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),也有(you)(you)高(gao)度(du)不大(da),坡度(du)低(di)(di)(di)緩(huan)的(de)(de)丘(qiu)陵(ling),還(huan)有(you)(you)河(he)(he)流(liu)沖(chong)積(ji)而(er)成的(de)(de)河(he)(he)谷平(ping)(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),總(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)是東(dong)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao),西(xi)(xi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)低(di)(di)(di),由東(dong)南向西(xi)(xi)北逐漸(jian)傾斜降(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)。中西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)河(he)(he)谷平(ping)(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)西(xi)(xi)高(gao)東(dong)低(di)(di)(di)。境內(nei)最高(gao)處(chu)(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)叢蒙山(shan)(shan)柳林尖山(shan)(shan)峰(feng),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2101.9米(mi)(mi)(mi),中部(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)為(wei)(wei)(wei)700—800米(mi)(mi)(mi),最低(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)是河(he)(he)邊鎮嶺子底村(cun)河(he)(he)谷區(qu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)570米(mi)(mi)(mi),縣城(cheng)一帶(dai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)760米(mi)(mi)(mi)。平(ping)(ping)川(chuan)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)393平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里(li),占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)45.46.主(zhu)要集(ji)中在(zai)(zai)中西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)滹沱河(he)(he)水系沖(chong)積(ji)扇(shan)上(shang)(shang),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)由西(xi)(xi)向東(dong)傾斜,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)740—770米(mi)(mi)(mi);丘(qiu)陵(ling)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)105平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里(li),占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)12.17%,主(zhu)要分布在(zai)(zai)南王、蔣村(cun)、河(he)(he)邊、受祿等(deng)鄉鎮的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分村(cun)莊(zhuang),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)在(zai)(zai)770—1100米(mi)(mi)(mi)之(zhi)間;山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)367平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里(li),占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)42.37%,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)在(zai)(zai)1100米(mi)(mi)(mi)以上(shang)(shang),基(ji)本沒有(you)(you)成片適宜農業(ye)生產的(de)(de)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。
2.土壤情況(kuang)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)可(ke)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積53.1萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),其中:水澆地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積30.03萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),保澆地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積17萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。人(ren)均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積不足2.5畝(mu)(mu)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)土壤主(zhu)要是褐(he)土、潮土二(er)個土類,其中:褐(he)土占(zhan)70.22%,主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)山區、丘陵高階(jie)地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)部分(fen)平川二(er)級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di)(di),海(hai)(hai)拔在(zai)(zai)770米(mi)以上;潮土占(zhan)29.67%,主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)滹(hu)沱河(he)(he)(he)、牧馬河(he)(he)(he)、同河(he)(he)(he)、云中河(he)(he)(he)河(he)(he)(he)漫(man)灘(tan)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)部一級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)部分(fen)平川二(er)級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di)(di),海(hai)(hai)拔在(zai)(zai)760米(mi)以下。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)土壤養分(fen)狀況(kuang)為(wei)(wei):有(you)機質(zhi)3.7—25.6g/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)11.4g/kg;全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮(dan)0.15—1.14g/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)0.64g/kg;有(you)效(xiao)磷0.23—30.7mg/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)5.96mg/kg;速效(xiao)鉀29—265mg/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)121.12mg/kg。大部分(fen)屬三級(ji)以上耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di),非常適宜(yi)甜(tian)瓜生長(chang)。
3.水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情況:定襄(xiang)處于(yu)忻定盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)東(dong)部,為(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)封閉式斷陷盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di),南(nan)(nan)、東(dong)、北三面基巖(yan)(yan)(yan)裸露(lu),除南(nan)(nan)面系舟(zhou)山一帶(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)構外(wai),其余地(di)(di)(di)(di)層為(wei)(wei)(wei)片麻(ma)巖(yan)(yan)(yan),石英巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、變質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)少量(liang)結(jie)晶白云巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)心(xin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)四(si)紀松散沉積物。滹沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)是徑本縣的(de)最(zui)大干流(liu)(liu)(liu),其次,牧(mu)馬河(he)(he)(he)、云中(zhong)河(he)(he)(he)、同(tong)(tong)河(he)(he)(he)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)季節(jie)性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),其水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源主要由(you)降(jiang)雨(yu)補給,也是地(di)(di)(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)唯一排泄的(de)通路,夏季流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)大,冬春(chun)季流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)小(xiao),有時干涸而斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)。全縣總的(de)氣候為(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)干旱(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。根據(ju)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)條(tiao)件可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)川溫和少雨(yu)區(qu),東(dong)峪(yu)河(he)(he)(he)谷(gu)溫暖雨(yu)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)區(qu),半(ban)坡陰涼干旱(han)區(qu),山地(di)(di)(di)(di)寒冷地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。縣內多(duo)年平(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.637億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)430毫米(mi)(mi)),其中(zhong)東(dong)峪(yu)河(he)(he)(he)谷(gu)溫暖雨(yu)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.458億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)450毫米(mi)(mi))。山地(di)(di)(di)(di)寒冷多(duo)雨(yu)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.261億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)490毫米(mi)(mi))。受地(di)(di)(di)(di)形因素的(de)影響,降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分布自(zi)扇形山地(di)(di)(di)(di)到東(dong)峪(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)410—490毫米(mi)(mi)。全縣地(di)(di)(di)(di)面徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.292億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),四(si)條(tiao)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)正常年來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)7.67億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),其中(zhong)滹沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6.3億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),同(tong)(tong)河(he)(he)(he)0.13億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),云中(zhong)河(he)(he)(he)0.59億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),牧(mu)馬河(he)(he)(he)0.65億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)季節(jie)河(he)(he)(he),每年枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)2—3個(ge)月(yue)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源較(jiao)(jiao)豐(feng)富,利(li)用河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)自(zi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)灌(guan)溉和開采地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源均(jun)較(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)(fang)便,適宜種植甜(tian)瓜。
4.氣(qi)候情(qing)況:縣域境內(nei)氣(qi)候屬溫帶大(da)陸性(xing)氣(qi)候,四季分(fen)(fen)明,年(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)400—500mm,均(jun)值(zhi)為433㎜,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)蒸發量(liang)1448.7㎜,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫8.7℃,年(nian)(nian)≥10℃的積(ji)溫是3197.1℃,無霜期158天(tian)左右,年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照時(shi)數達2734.6小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)太(tai)陽輻射(she)總量(liang)為135.9千卡/平方厘(li)米,氣(qi)候特(te)點(dian)適宜農作物生(sheng)長和養分(fen)(fen)積(ji)累。
三.地域范圍
定(ding)襄(xiang)縣(xian)地處山西省北(bei)中(zhong)部,位(wei)于忻定(ding)盆地東(dong)(dong)側,東(dong)(dong)鄰五臺縣(xian),南毗盂(yu)縣(xian)、陽(yang)曲縣(xian),西接忻府區,北(bei)與原平(ping)市(shi)接壤(rang),是一(yi)個典型的農業(ye)資源大縣(xian),地理坐標(biao)(biao):東(dong)(dong)徑(jing)112°39′15″—113°16′50″,北(bei)緯38°19′22″—38°40′15″縣(xian)域面積865平(ping)方(fang)公里,定(ding)襄(xiang)甜瓜(gua)地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護(hu)范圍(wei)為山西省忻州市(shi)定(ding)襄(xiang)縣(xian)境內的受祿鄉、季(ji)莊鄉、宏道(dao)鎮(zhen)、河邊(bian)鎮(zhen)、蔣村鄉、晉(jin)昌鎮(zhen)、神山鄉南王鄉、楊芳鄉9個鄉鎮(zhen)155個行政(zheng)村。近幾年(nian)甜瓜(gua)種(zhong)植面積保持在600公頃以上,年(nian)總產(chan)13000——15000噸。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
1.外在(zai)感官特征(zheng)。定襄甜瓜根(gen)系(xi)發達,主根(gen)深達1米以上(shang),側根(gen)分布直徑2米--3米。莖圓形,有(you)棱,被短(duan)刺(ci)毛(mao),分枝性強。單葉互(hu)生,葉片近圓形或(huo)腎形,被毛(mao)。花(hua)腋(ye)生,單性或(huo)兩性,蟲(chong)媒花(hua),花(hua)卉為黃(huang)色(se)。果(guo)(guo)實有(you)圓球、橢圓球、長筒(tong)等形狀(zhuang),成(cheng)熟(shu)的果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)有(you)白(bai)、綠、黃(huang)、褐色(se)或(huo)附有(you)各色(se)條紋和斑點。果(guo)(guo)表光滑(hua),果(guo)(guo)肉有(you)白(bai)、桔紅、綠黃(huang)等色(se),具香氣。種子披針形或(huo)扁圓形,大小各異。
2.內(nei)在品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)征(zheng)。定襄甜(tian)瓜(gua)瓜(gua)香濃(nong)郁,甘(gan)甜(tian)爽口,色(se)澤鮮艷、消熱(re)解(jie)暑(shu)(shu),清煩止渴、營養(yang)健康。內(nei)含成份:水分91.6g/100g;可溶(rong)性固形物11.4g/100g;碳水化合物6.4g/100g;鈣(gai)6.0mg/100g;維生素C16.8mg/100g;蛋白質(zhi)0.74g/100g;氨基酸總量0.73g/100g;甜(tian)瓜(gua)果肉味甘(gan),性寒無毒,清熱(re)利尿、止渴,可治暑(shu)(shu)熱(re)、發燒、口渴、小(xiao)便(bian)不(bu)利、口鼻(bi)生瘡(chuang)。種子散結消瘀(yu)、清肺(fei)化瘀(yu)、潤腸、排(pai)膿(nong),治腹內(nei)結聚(ju)、大便(bian)不(bu)暢。
3.質(zhi)量安全(quan)規(gui)定。產地(di)(di)環境符合《NY5294-2004無公害食(shi)(shi)品(pin)設施蔬(shu)菜產地(di)(di)環境條件》,產品(pin)質(zhi)量符合《NY5109-2005無公害食(shi)(shi)品(pin)西甜瓜》等技術規(gui)范要求(qiu),使產品(pin)達到安全(quan)、營養(yang)、無污染。
五.特定(ding)生產方式
1.品種(zhong)選擇選擇肉質(zhi)甜脆,香味(wei)濃郁,品質(zhi)上佳,商品性好的薄皮系列品種(zhong)。如:甜妃(fei)、皇帝(di)、真香蜜、白帝(di)等。
2.育苗
(1)種(zhong)子處理播種(zhong)前1-2d,選晴天曬種(zhong),注(zhu)意不要燙(tang)壞種(zhong)子,并經常(chang)翻(fan)動,可起(qi)到打破休眠,增強種(zhong)子活(huo)力的(de)作用(yong)。曬好(hao)后用(yong)55 ℃溫(wen)水(shui)浸(jin)泡15min,不斷攪拌至水(shui)溫(wen)為30℃時,再浸(jin)泡3 -4 h,然(ran)后清洗干凈用(yong)濕布包好(hao),放到28℃-30℃的(de)環(huan)境(jing)下催芽(ya),一(yi)般12小時即(ji)可出(chu)芽(ya)。
(2)播種育(yu)苗定襄縣移動大(da)棚一般在(zai)3月(yue)上旬(xun)播種(3月(yue)10日),4月(yue)上旬(xun)移栽,苗齡30d-35d。
3.定植
(1)整地扣棚選擇土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)肥沃(wo)排水良好的(de)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu),施(shi)足(zu)底肥進行深翻,一般結合(he)深翻畝施(shi)腐熟的(de)優質有(you)機肥5000公(gong)斤左右,三(san)元復合(he)肥40-50公(gong)斤。將土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)與肥料耙平混合(he)后,按1.1米的(de)行距(ju)起壟,壟高20厘米,起壟后鋪一層地膜,然后將支架(jia)插好,扣上棚膜,進行溫地。
(2)定(ding)植在(zai)4月15日左右定(ding)植,在(zai)膜上(shang)打孔,將秧苗(miao)放(fang)入定(ding)植穴(xue)內(nei),用水(shui)壺澆水(shui),待水(shui)滲透后用土封嚴,一(yi)般畝(mu)定(ding)植2300—2500株。
4.定植后管理
(1)溫度管理緩苗(miao)期(qi)溫度應在白天30℃-35℃,夜(ye)間不(bu)低于(yu)15℃,緩苗(miao)期(qi)5—7天,一般(ban)不(bu)放風,緩苗(miao)后溫度應控制在白天25℃—30℃,夜(ye)間不(bu)低于(yu)12℃,以利于(yu)壯秧(yang)。
(2)肥水管理定(ding)植后(hou)7-10天澆(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)緩苗水,一(yi)直到開花不(bu)澆(jiao)水,在第(di)一(yi)茬瓜坐定(ding)后(hou),長到雞(ji)蛋大(da)時,再澆(jiao)水,隨(sui)水追(zhui)肥,一(yi)般畝追(zhui)三元(yuan)復(fu)合(he)肥30公(gong)斤,當瓜停(ting)止膨大(da)時,要澆(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)大(da)水,以后(hou)停(ting)止澆(jiao)水,一(yi)直到成熟。
(3)病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)甜瓜在(zai)生長過程(cheng)中主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)害為白粉病(bing)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)。白粉病(bing)用(yong)50%甲(jia)基硫菌屢可濕性(xing)(xing)粉劑1000倍液噴霧防治(zhi),蚜(ya)蟲(chong)用(yong)10%吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉可濕性(xing)(xing)粉劑2000倍液防治(zhi)。
5.采(cai)收(shou)(shou)6月中旬開始采(cai)收(shou)(shou),當甜(tian)瓜的表皮亮度(du)好,色澤(ze)改變,有褪毛現象時,即成熟(shu)。一般散(san)發(fa)出香味,即可采(cai)收(shou)(shou)。