一.產品介紹
定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)甜(tian)瓜(gua)產(chan)(chan)于山(shan)西省忻州市(shi)定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣。甜(tian)瓜(gua)在定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣栽培(pei)歷史悠久(jiu),人文積淀深厚。據(ju)現存最早的(de)定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣志《雍正(zheng)五(wu)年重續縣志》記載,甜(tian)瓜(gua)是(shi)定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣較(jiao)(jiao)早的(de)物產(chan)(chan)之一,“七(qi)(qi)夕女子(zi)用(yong)瓜(gua)果盛(sheng)庭中(zhong)乞(qi)巧,七(qi)(qi)月十五(wu)以(yi)(yi)麻(ma)線懸各門首(shou)亭午請(qing)而祭之以(yi)(yi)瓜(gua)果紙供薦祖塋,中(zhong)秋用(yong)瓜(gua)果餅豆相(xiang)饋遺以(yi)(yi)助賞月”,其中(zhong)前(qian)兩種“瓜(gua)”指的(de)即(ji)為(wei)甜(tian)瓜(gua)。據(ju)成書于上世紀90年代的(de)《定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣農業資源集》介紹,甜(tian)瓜(gua)在定襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣較(jiao)(jiao)古老的(de)栽培(pei)品種有“燈籠紅”、“蛤蟆皮”等,種植(zhi)面(mian)積較(jiao)(jiao)大,品種較(jiao)(jiao)佳,多在平川水地種植(zhi)。特別是(shi)近年來,隨(sui)著設施農業的(de)興起(qi),春早熟甜(tian)瓜(gua)品種的(de)引進,棚(peng)室甜(tian)瓜(gua)育苗技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)推廣(guang),嫁接(jie)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)突破,甜(tian)瓜(gua)種植(zhi)面(mian)積不斷(duan)擴(kuo)大,品質不斷(duan)提高(gao),成為(wei)全(quan)省重要的(de)甜(tian)瓜(gua)生產(chan)(chan)基地。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史因素
1.地(di)貌定襄縣地(di)處(chu)忻定盆地(di),總的(de)地(di)形特征是:東、北(bei)(bei)南群山(shan)環繞(rao),地(di)形復(fu)雜多樣,既有(you)(you)峰(feng)巒高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)聳、地(di)面(mian)崎嶇的(de)山(shan)地(di),也(ye)有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)不大,坡度(du)(du)(du)低緩的(de)丘陵(ling),還有(you)(you)河(he)流(liu)沖積(ji)而成的(de)河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)地(di)帶(dai)(dai),總的(de)地(di)勢是東南部(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),西(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)低,由東南向西(xi)北(bei)(bei)逐漸(jian)傾斜(xie)降低。中(zhong)西(xi)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)地(di)帶(dai)(dai),地(di)勢西(xi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)東低。境內最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)處(chu)為(wei)(wei)南部(bu)叢蒙山(shan)柳(liu)林尖山(shan)峰(feng),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)2101.9米(mi)(mi)(mi),中(zhong)部(bu)平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)地(di)區海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)為(wei)(wei)700—800米(mi)(mi)(mi),最(zui)低處(chu)是河(he)邊(bian)鎮嶺子底村(cun)河(he)谷區海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)570米(mi)(mi)(mi),縣城一帶(dai)(dai)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)760米(mi)(mi)(mi)。平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)393平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li),占總面(mian)積(ji)的(de)45.46.主要(yao)集中(zhong)在(zai)中(zhong)西(xi)部(bu)的(de)滹沱河(he)水系沖積(ji)扇上(shang),地(di)勢由西(xi)向東傾斜(xie),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)740—770米(mi)(mi)(mi);丘陵(ling)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)105平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li),占總面(mian)積(ji)的(de)12.17%,主要(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)南王、蔣村(cun)、河(he)邊(bian)、受(shou)祿(lu)等鄉鎮的(de)部(bu)分(fen)村(cun)莊,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)770—1100米(mi)(mi)(mi)之間;山(shan)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)367平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li),占總面(mian)積(ji)的(de)42.37%,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)1100米(mi)(mi)(mi)以上(shang),基本(ben)沒有(you)(you)成片適(shi)宜農業生產的(de)耕地(di)。
2.土壤情(qing)況(kuang)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣可耕(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)積53.1萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),其中(zhong)(zhong):水澆地(di)(di)面(mian)積30.03萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),保澆地(di)(di)面(mian)積17萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)積不足2.5畝(mu)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣耕(geng)地(di)(di)土壤主(zhu)要是褐土、潮土二個(ge)土類,其中(zhong)(zhong):褐土占(zhan)(zhan)70.22%,主(zhu)要分布在(zai)山區(qu)、丘(qiu)陵高階(jie)地(di)(di)及(ji)部(bu)分平川(chuan)二級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di),海拔在(zai)770米(mi)以上;潮土占(zhan)(zhan)29.67%,主(zhu)要分布在(zai)滹沱河(he)(he)、牧馬(ma)河(he)(he)、同河(he)(he)、云中(zhong)(zhong)河(he)(he)河(he)(he)漫灘(tan)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)部(bu)一(yi)級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di)及(ji)部(bu)分平川(chuan)二級(ji)階(jie)地(di)(di),海拔在(zai)760米(mi)以下。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣土壤養(yang)分狀況(kuang)為(wei)(wei):有機質3.7—25.6g/kg,均值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)11.4g/kg;全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.15—1.14g/kg,均值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)0.64g/kg;有效磷0.23—30.7mg/kg,均值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)5.96mg/kg;速(su)效鉀29—265mg/kg,均值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)121.12mg/kg。大部(bu)分屬(shu)三級(ji)以上耕(geng)地(di)(di),非常適宜甜瓜生長。
3.水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況:定(ding)襄處于忻定(ding)盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)東部,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)封閉式斷陷盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),南(nan)、東、北(bei)三面基巖(yan)裸露,除南(nan)面系舟(zhou)山(shan)(shan)一帶為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)灰巖(yan)結(jie)構(gou)外,其(qi)(qi)余地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)層為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)片麻巖(yan),石(shi)英巖(yan)、變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)及(ji)少量(liang)結(jie)晶白云(yun)巖(yan)、砂質(zhi)巖(yan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)心(xin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第四紀松散沉(chen)積物。滹(hu)沱河(he)是(shi)徑本(ben)縣的(de)最大(da)干(gan)流,其(qi)(qi)次,牧馬(ma)河(he)、云(yun)中(zhong)河(he)、同河(he)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)節性河(he)流,其(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)主要由降雨補給,也是(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)唯(wei)一排(pai)泄(xie)的(de)通路,夏季(ji)流量(liang)大(da),冬(dong)春季(ji)流量(liang)小,有時干(gan)涸(he)而斷流。全縣總的(de)氣候為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。根(gen)據地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)條件可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平川溫(wen)和少雨區(qu),東峪河(he)谷溫(wen)暖雨量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu),半(ban)坡(po)陰涼干(gan)旱區(qu),山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)寒冷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。縣內多(duo)(duo)年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3.637億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降水(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)430毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)東峪河(he)谷溫(wen)暖雨量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.458億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降水(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)450毫米(mi)(mi)(mi))。山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)寒冷多(duo)(duo)雨區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.261億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降水(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)490毫米(mi)(mi)(mi))。受地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)因素的(de)影響,降水(shui)(shui)分(fen)布自扇形(xing)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)到(dao)東峪較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)410—490毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)。全縣地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面徑流平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.292億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),四條河(he)流正常年(nian)來水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)7.67億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)滹(hu)沱河(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6.3億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),同河(he)0.13億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),云(yun)中(zhong)河(he)0.59億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),牧馬(ma)河(he)0.65億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)節河(he),每(mei)年(nian)枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2—3個月(yue)。水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)較(jiao)(jiao)豐富,利(li)用河(he)水(shui)(shui)自流灌溉(gai)和開(kai)采地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)均(jun)(jun)較(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)便,適宜(yi)種(zhong)植甜(tian)瓜。
4.氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況:縣(xian)域(yu)境內氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)屬(shu)溫(wen)帶大陸性(xing)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),四季分明,年(nian)(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)(liang)400—500mm,均(jun)(jun)值為(wei)(wei)433㎜,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)(liang)1448.7㎜,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)8.7℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)≥10℃的(de)積(ji)溫(wen)是3197.1℃,無霜期158天左右(you),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時數(shu)達2734.6小(xiao)時,年(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)陽輻射總量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)135.9千卡(ka)/平(ping)方厘(li)米,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)特點適宜農作物生長和養分積(ji)累。
三.地域范圍
定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)處山西(xi)省(sheng)北中部,位于忻(xin)(xin)定(ding)盆地(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)側,東(dong)(dong)鄰(lin)五臺縣(xian)(xian),南毗盂(yu)縣(xian)(xian)、陽曲縣(xian)(xian),西(xi)接(jie)忻(xin)(xin)府區(qu),北與原平市接(jie)壤,是(shi)一個典型的(de)農業資源大縣(xian)(xian),地(di)(di)理坐(zuo)標:東(dong)(dong)徑112°39′15″—113°16′50″,北緯38°19′22″—38°40′15″縣(xian)(xian)域面積865平方公(gong)里,定(ding)襄甜瓜地(di)(di)理標志(zhi)產品保(bao)護范圍為山西(xi)省(sheng)忻(xin)(xin)州市定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內的(de)受祿鄉(xiang)(xiang)、季莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、宏(hong)道鎮(zhen)、河(he)邊鎮(zhen)、蔣村鄉(xiang)(xiang)、晉昌(chang)鎮(zhen)、神山鄉(xiang)(xiang)南王鄉(xiang)(xiang)、楊(yang)芳(fang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)155個行(xing)政村。近幾年甜瓜種植(zhi)面積保(bao)持在600公(gong)頃以上,年總產13000——15000噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
1.外在感官特征。定(ding)襄甜瓜根系(xi)發達(da),主根深達(da)1米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上,側根分布直徑2米(mi)(mi)--3米(mi)(mi)。莖(jing)圓(yuan)形,有(you)棱,被(bei)短刺(ci)毛,分枝性(xing)強(qiang)。單葉(xie)互生,葉(xie)片近圓(yuan)形或腎形,被(bei)毛。花腋生,單性(xing)或兩性(xing),蟲媒(mei)花,花卉為黃色。果(guo)實有(you)圓(yuan)球、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)球、長筒等形狀,成熟的果(guo)皮有(you)白、綠、黃、褐(he)色或附有(you)各色條紋和斑點。果(guo)表(biao)光(guang)滑,果(guo)肉有(you)白、桔(jie)紅、綠黃等色,具香(xiang)氣(qi)。種子披針形或扁圓(yuan)形,大小各異。
2.內在品質特征(zheng)。定(ding)襄(xiang)甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)瓜(gua)香濃郁,甘(gan)(gan)甜(tian)(tian)爽口,色(se)澤鮮艷、消熱解暑(shu),清煩止(zhi)(zhi)渴、營養健康。內含成份:水(shui)分91.6g/100g;可(ke)溶性固形物(wu)11.4g/100g;碳(tan)水(shui)化合(he)物(wu)6.4g/100g;鈣6.0mg/100g;維生素C16.8mg/100g;蛋白質0.74g/100g;氨基酸總量0.73g/100g;甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)果肉味甘(gan)(gan),性寒無(wu)毒,清熱利尿、止(zhi)(zhi)渴,可(ke)治(zhi)(zhi)暑(shu)熱、發(fa)燒、口渴、小便(bian)不(bu)利、口鼻生瘡。種(zhong)子(zi)散(san)結消瘀、清肺化瘀、潤腸、排(pai)膿(nong),治(zhi)(zhi)腹(fu)內結聚、大便(bian)不(bu)暢。
3.質(zhi)量(liang)安全規(gui)定。產地(di)環境(jing)符(fu)合(he)(he)《NY5294-2004無公(gong)害食(shi)品設施蔬菜產地(di)環境(jing)條(tiao)件》,產品質(zhi)量(liang)符(fu)合(he)(he)《NY5109-2005無公(gong)害食(shi)品西甜瓜》等技術規(gui)范要求(qiu),使產品達到(dao)安全、營(ying)養(yang)、無污染。
五.特定生產方式(shi)
1.品種選擇(ze)選擇(ze)肉質甜脆(cui),香味濃郁,品質上佳(jia),商品性好的薄皮系列(lie)品種。如:甜妃、皇帝(di)、真(zhen)香蜜、白帝(di)等。
2.育苗
(1)種子處理播(bo)種前1-2d,選晴天(tian)曬種,注意不(bu)要燙壞種子,并經常翻動,可起到(dao)打破休眠,增強種子活力的(de)作(zuo)用。曬好后用55 ℃溫水浸(jin)泡15min,不(bu)斷(duan)攪拌至水溫為30℃時,再浸(jin)泡3 -4 h,然后清洗干(gan)凈用濕布包好,放到(dao)28℃-30℃的(de)環境下(xia)催芽,一般12小(xiao)時即(ji)可出芽。
(2)播種育苗定(ding)襄縣移動大棚一般在3月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)播種(3月(yue)(yue)10日),4月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)移栽,苗齡(ling)30d-35d。
3.定植
(1)整地扣棚選擇土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)(fei)沃排水良好的(de)壤(rang)土(tu),施足底(di)肥(fei)(fei)進行深(shen)翻,一般結合深(shen)翻畝(mu)施腐熟的(de)優質有機肥(fei)(fei)5000公(gong)斤(jin)左右,三(san)元復合肥(fei)(fei)40-50公(gong)斤(jin)。將(jiang)土(tu)壤(rang)與肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)耙平混合后,按1.1米(mi)的(de)行距起壟(long),壟(long)高20厘米(mi),起壟(long)后鋪一層地膜,然后將(jiang)支架插(cha)好,扣上棚膜,進行溫地。
(2)定植(zhi)在(zai)4月15日(ri)左(zuo)右定植(zhi),在(zai)膜(mo)上打孔(kong),將秧苗放入定植(zhi)穴內,用水(shui)壺澆水(shui),待(dai)水(shui)滲透后用土封嚴,一般(ban)畝定植(zhi)2300—2500株(zhu)。
4.定植后管理
(1)溫度管理緩(huan)苗(miao)期(qi)溫度應在白天(tian)30℃-35℃,夜間不(bu)低(di)于15℃,緩(huan)苗(miao)期(qi)5—7天(tian),一般不(bu)放風,緩(huan)苗(miao)后溫度應控制在白天(tian)25℃—30℃,夜間不(bu)低(di)于12℃,以利于壯秧。
(2)肥水(shui)(shui)管理定植后7-10天澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)緩苗水(shui)(shui),一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)到開花不澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui),在第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)茬瓜坐定后,長(chang)到雞蛋大(da)時(shi),再澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui),隨(sui)水(shui)(shui)追肥,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般畝追三元(yuan)復合肥30公斤,當瓜停止(zhi)膨大(da)時(shi),要澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)大(da)水(shui)(shui),以后停止(zhi)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui),一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)到成熟。
(3)病蟲害防治甜瓜在(zai)生長過程中(zhong)主要病蟲害為白(bai)粉病、蚜(ya)(ya)蟲。白(bai)粉病用(yong)50%甲基硫菌屢(lv)可(ke)濕(shi)性粉劑1000倍(bei)液噴(pen)霧(wu)防治,蚜(ya)(ya)蟲用(yong)10%吡蟲啉可(ke)濕(shi)性粉劑2000倍(bei)液防治。
5.采收(shou)6月中旬開(kai)始采收(shou),當甜(tian)瓜的表皮亮度好,色澤改變(bian),有褪(tun)毛現象(xiang)時,即成熟(shu)。一般散發(fa)出香味,即可采收(shou)。