一.產品介紹
定(ding)襄甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)產于山西(xi)省忻州市定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)。甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)在(zai)定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)栽(zai)培(pei)歷史悠久(jiu),人文(wen)積淀(dian)深厚(hou)。據(ju)現存最早的(de)(de)定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)《雍正五年重續縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載,甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)早的(de)(de)物產之一,“七(qi)夕女(nv)子用瓜(gua)果盛庭(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)乞(qi)巧,七(qi)月十五以(yi)(yi)麻線懸各門首亭午請而祭之以(yi)(yi)瓜(gua)果紙供薦祖塋,中(zhong)(zhong)秋用瓜(gua)果餅豆相饋遺以(yi)(yi)助賞月”,其中(zhong)(zhong)前兩種(zhong)(zhong)“瓜(gua)”指的(de)(de)即(ji)為(wei)甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)。據(ju)成書于上(shang)世(shi)紀90年代(dai)的(de)(de)《定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)農業資源集(ji)》介紹(shao),甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)在(zai)定(ding)襄縣(xian)(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)古老的(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有“燈籠紅”、“蛤蟆皮”等,種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積較(jiao)(jiao)大,品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)(jiao)佳(jia),多在(zai)平川水地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)近(jin)年來,隨著設施農業的(de)(de)興起,春早熟甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)引(yin)進(jin),棚室甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)育(yu)苗技術的(de)(de)推廣,嫁接(jie)技術的(de)(de)突破(po),甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積不(bu)斷(duan)擴大,品(pin)質(zhi)不(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)高,成為(wei)全省重要(yao)的(de)(de)甜(tian)(tian)瓜(gua)生(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素(su)
1.地(di)(di)(di)貌定襄縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)忻定盆地(di)(di)(di),總(zong)的地(di)(di)(di)形特征是(shi):東、北(bei)南(nan)群山環繞(rao),地(di)(di)(di)形復雜多樣(yang),既(ji)有(you)(you)峰(feng)巒高(gao)(gao)(gao)聳、地(di)(di)(di)面崎嶇的山地(di)(di)(di),也有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)不大(da),坡度(du)低(di)緩(huan)的丘(qiu)陵(ling),還有(you)(you)河(he)流(liu)沖積(ji)(ji)而成(cheng)的河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),總(zong)的地(di)(di)(di)勢是(shi)東南(nan)部(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao),西(xi)北(bei)部(bu)低(di),由東南(nan)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)北(bei)逐漸傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)降(jiang)低(di)。中(zhong)西(xi)部(bu)為河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),地(di)(di)(di)勢西(xi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)東低(di)。境內最高(gao)(gao)(gao)處(chu)為南(nan)部(bu)叢蒙山柳林尖山峰(feng),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)為2101.9米(mi),中(zhong)部(bu)平(ping)川(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)為700—800米(mi),最低(di)處(chu)是(shi)河(he)邊鎮(zhen)嶺子(zi)底村河(he)谷區(qu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)為570米(mi),縣(xian)城一帶(dai)(dai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)為760米(mi)。平(ping)川(chuan)面積(ji)(ji)為393平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),占(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的45.46.主要集中(zhong)在中(zhong)西(xi)部(bu)的滹沱(tuo)河(he)水系(xi)沖積(ji)(ji)扇上(shang),地(di)(di)(di)勢由西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)東傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)為740—770米(mi);丘(qiu)陵(ling)面積(ji)(ji)為105平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),占(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的12.17%,主要分(fen)布(bu)在南(nan)王、蔣村、河(he)邊、受祿(lu)等(deng)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)的部(bu)分(fen)村莊,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)在770—1100米(mi)之間;山地(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)為367平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),占(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的42.37%,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)在1100米(mi)以上(shang),基本沒(mei)有(you)(you)成(cheng)片(pian)適宜農業生產的耕地(di)(di)(di)。
2.土(tu)壤情況(kuang)(kuang)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)面積(ji)53.1萬(wan)畝(mu),其(qi)(qi)中:水澆(jiao)地(di)面積(ji)30.03萬(wan)畝(mu),保(bao)澆(jiao)地(di)面積(ji)17萬(wan)畝(mu)。人(ren)均(jun)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)面積(ji)不足(zu)2.5畝(mu)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)土(tu)壤主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是褐土(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)二個土(tu)類,其(qi)(qi)中:褐土(tu)占70.22%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)在山區、丘陵高(gao)階地(di)及(ji)部(bu)分(fen)平川二級(ji)(ji)階地(di),海(hai)拔在770米(mi)以上;潮(chao)土(tu)占29.67%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)在滹沱河(he)、牧馬河(he)、同河(he)、云中河(he)河(he)漫(man)灘、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)部(bu)一級(ji)(ji)階地(di)及(ji)部(bu)分(fen)平川二級(ji)(ji)階地(di),海(hai)拔在760米(mi)以下。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)土(tu)壤養分(fen)狀況(kuang)(kuang)為:有機質3.7—25.6g/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為11.4g/kg;全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.15—1.14g/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為0.64g/kg;有效磷(lin)0.23—30.7mg/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為5.96mg/kg;速效鉀29—265mg/kg,均(jun)值(zhi)為121.12mg/kg。大(da)部(bu)分(fen)屬三(san)級(ji)(ji)以上耕(geng)(geng)地(di),非常適宜(yi)甜瓜生長(chang)。
3.水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)情況:定襄(xiang)處于忻定盆地(di)(di)的東(dong)(dong)部,為(wei)(wei)半封閉式斷(duan)陷盆地(di)(di),南、東(dong)(dong)、北三(san)面(mian)基巖(yan)裸露,除(chu)南面(mian)系舟山一(yi)帶為(wei)(wei)石灰巖(yan)結構外,其(qi)余(yu)地(di)(di)層為(wei)(wei)片(pian)麻巖(yan),石英巖(yan)、變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)及少(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)結晶白云巖(yan)、砂質(zhi)巖(yan)地(di)(di)帶,盆地(di)(di)中(zhong)心為(wei)(wei)第(di)四(si)紀松散(san)沉積物。滹沱(tuo)河(he)(he)是徑本(ben)縣的最大干(gan)(gan)流(liu),其(qi)次,牧馬河(he)(he)、云中(zhong)河(he)(he)、同河(he)(he)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)節性河(he)(he)流(liu),其(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)主要由(you)降(jiang)雨補給,也是地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)唯一(yi)排泄的通路,夏季(ji)(ji)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)大,冬(dong)春季(ji)(ji)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)小,有時干(gan)(gan)涸而斷(duan)流(liu)。全縣總的氣(qi)候為(wei)(wei)半干(gan)(gan)旱地(di)(di)區(qu)。根據地(di)(di)區(qu)條件可分為(wei)(wei)平川溫(wen)和少(shao)(shao)雨區(qu),東(dong)(dong)峪河(he)(he)谷溫(wen)暖雨量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu),半坡陰(yin)涼干(gan)(gan)旱區(qu),山地(di)(di)寒冷地(di)(di)區(qu)。縣內多(duo)(duo)年平均(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)3.637億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)430毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)),其(qi)中(zhong)東(dong)(dong)峪河(he)(he)谷溫(wen)暖雨量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)0.458億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)450毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi))。山地(di)(di)寒冷多(duo)(duo)雨區(qu)為(wei)(wei)1.261億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)為(wei)(wei)490毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi))。受地(di)(di)形(xing)因素的影響,降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分布(bu)自扇形(xing)山地(di)(di)到東(dong)(dong)峪較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)410—490毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。全縣地(di)(di)面(mian)徑流(liu)平均(jun)為(wei)(wei)0.292億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),四(si)條河(he)(he)流(liu)正常年來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)7.67億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)中(zhong)滹沱(tuo)河(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)6.3億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),同河(he)(he)0.13億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),云中(zhong)河(he)(he)0.59億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),牧馬河(he)(he)0.65億(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),均(jun)為(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)節河(he)(he),每年枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)為(wei)(wei)2—3個(ge)月(yue)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)較(jiao)豐富,利用(yong)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)自流(liu)灌溉(gai)和開采(cai)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)均(jun)較(jiao)方便,適宜種植甜(tian)瓜。
4.氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:縣域境內氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)屬溫(wen)帶大陸性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),四季(ji)分(fen)明,年(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)400—500mm,均(jun)值為433㎜,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蒸發量(liang)1448.7㎜,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)8.7℃,年(nian)(nian)≥10℃的積溫(wen)是3197.1℃,無霜(shuang)期(qi)158天左右,年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數達2734.6小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)太陽輻射總(zong)量(liang)為135.9千卡(ka)/平(ping)(ping)方厘米,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點(dian)適宜農作物生長和養分(fen)積累。
三.地域范圍
定襄縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)處山西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)北(bei)中部,位于(yu)忻(xin)定盆(pen)地(di)東側,東鄰五臺縣(xian)(xian)(xian),南(nan)毗盂縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、陽曲縣(xian)(xian)(xian),西(xi)接忻(xin)府區,北(bei)與原(yuan)平市(shi)接壤,是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)典型的(de)農業資源(yuan)大縣(xian)(xian)(xian),地(di)理(li)坐標(biao):東徑112°39′15″—113°16′50″,北(bei)緯(wei)38°19′22″—38°40′15″縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域面積(ji)865平方公里,定襄甜(tian)瓜地(di)理(li)標(biao)志產(chan)品(pin)保(bao)護范圍(wei)為山西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)忻(xin)州(zhou)市(shi)定襄縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境內(nei)的(de)受祿鄉(xiang)(xiang)、季(ji)莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、宏(hong)道(dao)鎮(zhen)、河邊鎮(zhen)、蔣村鄉(xiang)(xiang)、晉昌(chang)鎮(zhen)、神山鄉(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)王鄉(xiang)(xiang)、楊芳鄉(xiang)(xiang)9個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)155個(ge)(ge)行政村。近幾年(nian)甜(tian)瓜種植面積(ji)保(bao)持在600公頃以上,年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)13000——15000噸。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
1.外在(zai)感官特(te)征。定襄甜(tian)瓜根系發達(da),主(zhu)根深達(da)1米(mi)以上(shang),側(ce)根分布直徑2米(mi)--3米(mi)。莖圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),有(you)(you)棱,被(bei)短(duan)刺毛,分枝(zhi)性強(qiang)。單葉(xie)互生(sheng)(sheng),葉(xie)片近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)腎形(xing),被(bei)毛。花(hua)腋(ye)生(sheng)(sheng),單性或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)性,蟲(chong)媒(mei)花(hua),花(hua)卉為黃(huang)色(se)。果(guo)(guo)實有(you)(you)圓(yuan)(yuan)球、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)球、長筒等形(xing)狀,成熟的果(guo)(guo)皮有(you)(you)白、綠、黃(huang)、褐(he)色(se)或(huo)(huo)附有(you)(you)各(ge)色(se)條紋(wen)和斑點。果(guo)(guo)表光滑(hua),果(guo)(guo)肉(rou)有(you)(you)白、桔紅、綠黃(huang)等色(se),具香氣。種子披針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)扁(bian)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),大小各(ge)異。
2.內(nei)在(zai)品質特征。定(ding)襄甜(tian)瓜(gua)瓜(gua)香濃郁,甘(gan)甜(tian)爽口(kou),色澤鮮艷、消(xiao)(xiao)熱(re)(re)解暑(shu),清(qing)(qing)煩止(zhi)(zhi)渴、營養健康。內(nei)含成份:水(shui)分91.6g/100g;可(ke)溶性(xing)固(gu)形物(wu)11.4g/100g;碳水(shui)化合物(wu)6.4g/100g;鈣6.0mg/100g;維生素C16.8mg/100g;蛋白質0.74g/100g;氨基酸總量0.73g/100g;甜(tian)瓜(gua)果肉味甘(gan),性(xing)寒無毒,清(qing)(qing)熱(re)(re)利(li)尿、止(zhi)(zhi)渴,可(ke)治暑(shu)熱(re)(re)、發燒、口(kou)渴、小便不利(li)、口(kou)鼻(bi)生瘡。種子散結(jie)消(xiao)(xiao)瘀、清(qing)(qing)肺化瘀、潤腸、排膿,治腹內(nei)結(jie)聚、大(da)便不暢。
3.質量安(an)全規定。產(chan)(chan)地環境符(fu)合(he)《NY5294-2004無(wu)公害食(shi)品設施(shi)蔬菜產(chan)(chan)地環境條件》,產(chan)(chan)品質量符(fu)合(he)《NY5109-2005無(wu)公害食(shi)品西甜瓜(gua)》等技術規范要求(qiu),使(shi)產(chan)(chan)品達到安(an)全、營養、無(wu)污染。
五(wu).特(te)定生產方(fang)式(shi)
1.品(pin)種選擇(ze)(ze)選擇(ze)(ze)肉(rou)質甜脆,香味濃(nong)郁,品(pin)質上佳,商品(pin)性(xing)好(hao)的薄皮系列品(pin)種。如:甜妃、皇帝(di)、真香蜜、白帝(di)等。
2.育苗
(1)種(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)播種(zhong)前1-2d,選晴天曬種(zhong),注意不(bu)要燙壞種(zhong)子(zi),并經(jing)常翻動(dong),可起(qi)到打破休眠,增(zeng)強種(zhong)子(zi)活力的作(zuo)用(yong)。曬好后用(yong)55 ℃溫水浸(jin)泡15min,不(bu)斷攪(jiao)拌至水溫為30℃時,再(zai)浸(jin)泡3 -4 h,然(ran)后清洗干凈用(yong)濕布(bu)包好,放(fang)到28℃-30℃的環境下(xia)催(cui)芽,一般12小(xiao)時即可出芽。
(2)播種(zhong)育苗(miao)定襄縣移動大棚一般在3月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)播種(zhong)(3月(yue)(yue)10日),4月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)移栽,苗(miao)齡30d-35d。
3.定植
(1)整(zheng)地(di)(di)扣棚選擇土(tu)壤肥沃(wo)排水良好的壤土(tu),施足底肥進行深(shen)(shen)翻,一般結合深(shen)(shen)翻畝施腐熟的優質有機肥5000公斤左(zuo)右,三元(yuan)復合肥40-50公斤。將(jiang)土(tu)壤與肥料耙平混合后,按1.1米(mi)的行距(ju)起(qi)壟,壟高20厘米(mi),起(qi)壟后鋪一層地(di)(di)膜(mo),然(ran)后將(jiang)支架插好,扣上棚膜(mo),進行溫地(di)(di)。
(2)定植在(zai)4月(yue)15日(ri)左右定植,在(zai)膜上打孔,將秧苗放入定植穴內,用水(shui)壺澆水(shui),待水(shui)滲透后用土封嚴,一般(ban)畝(mu)定植2300—2500株。
4.定植后管理
(1)溫度(du)(du)管理(li)緩苗(miao)(miao)期溫度(du)(du)應在白天(tian)30℃-35℃,夜(ye)間(jian)不低于(yu)15℃,緩苗(miao)(miao)期5—7天(tian),一(yi)般不放風,緩苗(miao)(miao)后溫度(du)(du)應控(kong)制在白天(tian)25℃—30℃,夜(ye)間(jian)不低于(yu)12℃,以利于(yu)壯秧。
(2)肥(fei)水(shui)管理定植后7-10天澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次緩苗水(shui),一(yi)(yi)直到開花(hua)不澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui),在(zai)第一(yi)(yi)茬瓜(gua)坐定后,長到雞(ji)蛋大時,再(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui),隨水(shui)追肥(fei),一(yi)(yi)般畝追三元復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)30公斤,當瓜(gua)停(ting)止(zhi)膨(peng)大時,要澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次大水(shui),以后停(ting)止(zhi)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui),一(yi)(yi)直到成熟(shu)。
(3)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi)(zhi)甜瓜在(zai)生長過程中主要病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害為白粉(fen)病(bing)、蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)。白粉(fen)病(bing)用(yong)(yong)50%甲基硫菌屢(lv)可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)1000倍液(ye)噴霧防治(zhi)(zhi),蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)用(yong)(yong)10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)啉(lin)可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)2000倍液(ye)防治(zhi)(zhi)。
5.采收(shou)(shou)(shou)6月中旬開始采收(shou)(shou)(shou),當甜(tian)瓜(gua)的表皮亮度好,色澤改(gai)變,有褪毛現象時,即成熟(shu)。一(yi)般散發出(chu)香味,即可采收(shou)(shou)(shou)。