一、什么是雪蓮花?
雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua),因其頂形似蓮(lian)花(hua),故得名雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua),簡稱雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)。為菊科、風毛菊屬多(duo)年生(sheng)草本,高15-35厘米。雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua)分布于中(zhong)國(guo)多(duo)地高寒(han)地帶,生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)在(zai)高山雪(xue)(xue)線附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)巖縫、石(shi)壁和冰磺(huang)礫(li)石(shi)灘(tan)中(zhong),以天(tian)山所產(chan)最多(duo),質量(liang)最好,天(tian)山雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)是已被列入《中(zhong)國(guo)植(zhi)物紅(hong)皮(pi)書(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)植(zhi)物。雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)環境(jing)很惡劣,但正是雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)獨(du)(du)有的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存習性(xing)和獨(du)(du)特的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)環境(jing)使(shi)其天(tian)然而(er)稀有,并造(zao)就了它獨(du)(du)特的(de)(de)(de)藥理作用和藥用價值。雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua)產(chan)量(liang)極低,是中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家三級瀕危物種(zhong),雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)從發芽(ya)到(dao)開花(hua)需要歷經五(wu)年,其種(zhong)子在(zai)零(ling)攝氏度(du)(du)發芽(ya),三至五(wu)攝氏度(du)(du)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),幼(you)苗能夠抵御零(ling)下二十一攝氏度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)低溫,實際的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期卻不到(dao)兩個月(yue)。就在(zai)這短短的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期里,雪(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)憑借著旺盛的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命力,植(zhi)株高度(du)(du)能超(chao)過其它植(zhi)物五(wu)到(dao)七倍(bei)。
二、雪蓮花的種類
藏族老(lao)百姓將雪(xue)蓮花分(fen)為雄、雌(ci)兩種,據說(shuo)雌(ci)的(de)(de)可以生吃,具(ju)有甜味(wei),雄的(de)(de)帶苦(ku)味(wei)。而(er)植物(wu)分(fen)類(lei)學上(shang)將雪(xue)蓮分(fen)為雪(xue)蓮亞(ya)屬和雪(xue)兔子亞(ya)屬兩大類(lei)。西(xi)藏產雪(xue)蓮亞(ya)屬13種,雪(xue)兔子亞(ya)屬17種,共計30種。
雪(xue)蓮花(hua)除(chu)產西藏(zang)(zang)外,主要(yao)分布在新疆、青藏(zang)(zang)高原和(he)云貴高原一帶(dai)。橫貫新疆中部(bu)的天山山脈,冰(bing)峰雪(xue)嶺逶迤連綿(mian),海(hai)拔(ba)4000米以上是終年積雪(xue)地帶(dai),被稱為雪(xue)線(xian),雪(xue)蓮花(hua)就生長(chang)在雪(xue)線(xian)以下海(hai)拔(ba)3000至4000米的懸崖峭壁上。四川、云南也有分布。
雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)是(shi)(shi)在風毛(mao)(mao)菊屬里(li)的雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)亞屬。風毛(mao)(mao)菊屬的品種(zhong)很多,粗略估計,百八十(shi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)有(you)的,不過后面綴著‘雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)’二(er)字的只有(you)二(er)十(shi)幾種(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)有(you):膜苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、腫柄(bing)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、紅柄(bing)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、球花(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)、紫苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、長葉雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、木(mu)里(li)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、鳥巢(chao)狀雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、鈍苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、苞葉雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、褐花(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、多鞘雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、草原(yuan)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、毛(mao)(mao)背(bei)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、唐(tang)古特雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、單花(hua)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、華(hua)中(zhong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、氈毛(mao)(mao)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),最主要(yao)的雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)品種(zhong)為棉頭(tou)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)、大(da)苞雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)和水母雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花(hua)三種(zhong)。
三、雪蓮花的作用與功效
現在有朋友會食用雪蓮花,雪蓮(lian)花的(de)(de)(de)營養成分(fen)很(hen)多,雪蓮(lian)花含有蛋白質、氨基(ji)酸、黃酮類化合物、生物堿等(deng);價值也很(hen)高,很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)中醫會用(yong)雪蓮(lian)花來調節疾病,作為一(yi)種很(hen)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)中藥(yao)材,雪蓮(lian)花和(he)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)中藥(yao)進行搭(da)配,能(neng)(neng)夠充分(fen)發(fa)揮它的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)。具有通(tong)經活血(xue)(xue)、散寒除濕(shi)、止血(xue)(xue)消腫、排體內(nei)毒(du)素(su)等(deng)功效。《本草(cao)(cao)綱目拾遺》載(zai):雪蓮(lian)“性(xing)大熱,能(neng)(neng)補精益陽”;《新疆中草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)》載(zai):“雪蓮(lian)性(xing)溫、微(wei)苦(ku),功能(neng)(neng)祛風除濕(shi)。”雪蓮(lian)在中醫領域有很(hen)多應用(yong):
1、溫腎壯陽。用于腎虛陽痿、腰(yao)膝酸軟;用于女子月經不調、崩漏、帶下。前者(zhe)配伍(wu)(wu)冬蟲(chong)夏草泡酒飲用,后者(zhe)配伍(wu)(wu)峨參(can)(can)、黨參(can)(can),燉雞食(shi)用。
2、溫經散寒。用(yong)(yong)于婦女少(shao)腹冷痛、閉(bi)經、胎衣(yi)不下(xia)等證(zheng)。雪蓮(lian)花15克,加白酒或黃酒100毫升,泡7天,每服10毫升,1日2次(ci)。 祛寒化(hua)痰(tan)。用(yong)(yong)于肺(fei)寒咳嗽、痰(tan)多、色白。雪蓮(lian)花全草1-1.5克,研末沖服,1日3次(ci)。
3、祛風除(chu)濕。用于風濕痹痛,關節曲伸(shen)不利。雪蓮(lian)花50克,切段,白酒500毫升(sheng),浸(jin)泡(pao)10天,每次10毫升(sheng),1日2次。或以雪蓮(lian)花注射液肌肉注射,每次2-4毫升(sheng),對風濕性(xing)關節炎有一定療效(xiao)。
4、?用于雪(xue)盲、牙痛。雪(xue)蓮(lian)花(hua)6-12克,生吃或水煎(jian)服(fu)。
5、?用(yong)于外(wai)傷出血。雪(xue)蓮花適量,搗爛敷(fu)患處(chu)。
雪(xue)蓮還(huan)具有美容功(gong)能,可加速(su)皮膚的新陳代謝,減少(shao)皺紋,使皮膚保持光(guang)澤、豐滿(man)。延緩衰老。并(bing)且(qie)對面部雀(que)斑、肝斑等(deng)有良好的療效。
除此(ci)之外,雪蓮還有(you)食用功能,簡單(dan)的(de)直(zhi)接泡水(shui)或用于煲湯或泡酒,著名(ming)的(de)雪蓮烏雞煲、雪蓮乳(ru)鴿煲、雪蓮甲(jia)魚湯都有(you)補腎固(gu)本的(de)功能。
四、雪蓮花的禁忌
雖然雪蓮(lian)花功能強大,但是藥三(san)分毒,雪蓮(lian)花也有食用禁(jin)忌,首先(xian),孕(yun)婦是禁(jin)止服(fu)用雪蓮(lian)花的(de),其次,由于雪蓮(lian)花中(zhong)含(han)有療效好而毒性較(jiao)大的(de)秋(qiu)水仙堿(jian)(jian),而秋(qiu)水仙堿(jian)(jian)的(de)毒性較(jiao)大,能引起惡(e)心、食欲減(jian)退、腹脹,嚴重者(zhe)會出現腸麻痹和便秘、四肢酸痛等副作用。
希望通(tong)過(guo)這篇(pian)文(wen)章能使大家對(dui)雪蓮這種食(shi)物有了(le)更(geng)(geng)多的(de)了(le)解和認識,這樣(yang)我們平(ping)時在生活(huo)中(zhong)就能夠更(geng)(geng)好(hao)的(de)去食(shi)用,也不會因為飲食(shi)不當(dang)對(dui)身體造成傷害(hai)。
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