成都平原(yuan)史(shi)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)包(bao)括四川(chuan)省成都新津縣龍馬(ma)鄉(xiang)的寶墩古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)、郫都區古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的鄲縣古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)、溫(wen)江區萬春鎮的魚(yu)鳧古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)、都江堰市青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)、崇州市上元鄉(xiang)的雙(shuang)河(he)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)及燎原(yuan)鄉(xiang)的紫竹古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)等,是迄今所知中國西南地區發現年(nian)代早、規(gui)模大、分布密集的史(shi)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)群,年(nian)代距今約4500~4000年(nian)左(zuo)右。
成都平原(yuan)史(shi)前城址(zhi)是四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)考古學上一次全新的(de)發(fa)現和(he)突破。對于建立四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)地區新石器(qi)時代(dai)到青(qing)銅時代(dai)的(de)文(wen)化發(fa)展序列、探(tan)索長(chang)江上游地區文(wen)明起源(yuan)等問題具有重要(yao)的(de)學術(shu)價(jia)值。
2001年(nian),成都平原(yuan)史(shi)前城(cheng)址被國務院公布為第五批全國重點文物保護單位。
位(wei)干四(si)川(chuan)省成都(dou)市新津縣城西(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)龍馬鄉寶墩村(cun),地(di)形奇(qi)特,在一(yi)馬平(ping)(ping)川(chuan)的(de)(de)綠色沃野上凸現出一(yi)圈(quan)(quan)不規則的(de)(de)脊梁似的(de)(de)黃(huang)土埂(geng)子。埂(geng)內阡(qian)陌縱橫,溝(gou)渠交錯。溝(gou)底和兩(liang)側往往會發(fa)現一(yi)些(xie)散(san)碎(sui)的(de)(de)磚瓦(wa)器物。1995年,成都(dou)市文(wen)物考古(gu)研究(jiu)所、四(si)川(chuan)大學(xue)考古(gu)系及日本早稻田大學(xue)聯(lian)合對寶墩村(cun)進行考古(gu)發(fa)掘,經四(si)個(ge)月發(fa)掘后確認,黃(huang)土埂(geng)子圈(quan)(quan)起的(de)(de)地(di)方是距(ju)今約四(si)、五千年的(de)(de)古(gu)城遺(yi)址,散(san)碎(sui)的(de)(de)磚瓦(wa)器物是蜀(shu)地(di)先民早在四(si)、五千年前(qian)就(jiu)進入文(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)物證(zheng),比(bi)三(san)星堆(dui)和金沙遺(yi)址年代(dai)還要早,屬成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)原古(gu)蜀(shu)文(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)早階段。
寶墩古城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)系(xi)龍(long)山時代古城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),對探索(suo)長(chang)江上游地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)文明起源有(you)著極為重要(yao)的(de)(de)意義,是(shi)繼廣(guang)漢(han)三(san)星堆藏坑之后,四川地(di)區(qu)又一(yi)重要(yao)發(fa)現(xian),在中外考古界引(yin)起了轟動,并在1996 年(nian)全國十大考古新發(fa)現(xian)中排名第三(san)。
地處成都平(ping)原腹(fu)心地帶的(de)郫都區古城(cheng)鄉(xiang),當(dang)地老(lao)百姓傳說為三國蜀漢丞(cheng)相諸葛亮(liang)養馬的(de)“養馬城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址平(ping)面呈(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),城(cheng)垣長(chang)650、寬(kuan)(kuan)500米,面積(ji)32.5萬平(ping)方(fang)米;城(cheng)址中部發現有(you)(you)(you)面積(ji)達550平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)禮儀性(xing)建筑。文化層(ceng)堆積(ji)有(you)(you)(you)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)晚(wan)期、漢代(dai)(dai)(dai)和宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)三個(ge)時(shi)期的(de)堆積(ji)。以新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)晚(wan)期文化層(ceng)豐富(fu),厚達80厘米,可(ke)分上、下兩層(ceng)。城(cheng)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)房(fang)址,房(fang)址地面起建,呈(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)形(xing),挖基槽,作木骨泥墻(qiang)。出(chu)土遺物主(zhu)要是陶器(qi)(qi)和石(shi)器(qi)(qi)。下層(ceng)夾(jia)砂陶和泥質(zhi)陶多(duo)半,上層(ceng)則(ze)以夾(jia)砂陶為主(zhu),褐陶多(duo)見(jian),灰陶較少,紋(wen)飾以繩(sheng)紋(wen)、方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)、戳(chuo)印紋(wen)為主(zhu),器(qi)(qi)形(xing)以外折沿花邊口(kou)(kou)罐、盤口(kou)(kou)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)、喇叭(ba)高(gao)頸罐、寬(kuan)(kuan)折沿深(shen)腹(fu)罐為常見(jian),也有(you)(you)(you)少量帶耳(er)器(qi)(qi),另(ling)有(you)(you)(you)陶紡輪。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)均磨(mo)制,有(you)(you)(you)斧、錛(ben)、鑿(zao)等。
城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)位于(yu)溫江區萬春鎮(zhen)魚鳧村,當地(di)(di)老百(bai)姓傳說是古蜀王魚鳧的(de)都邑所(suo)在地(di)(di),習稱(cheng)“魚鳧城(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)呈(cheng)平面呈(cheng)不規(gui)則的(de)六邊形(xing),面積(ji)40萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。經調查、鉆探,了解(jie)到城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)呈(cheng)西北(bei)(bei)至東南向,南垣(yuan)(yuan)長約(yue)600米(mi)(mi);東垣(yuan)(yuan)呈(cheng)外弧(hu)形(xing),長440米(mi)(mi),西垣(yuan)(yuan)長370米(mi)(mi),東北(bei)(bei)垣(yuan)(yuan)長280米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)面積(ji)約(yue)2萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。南垣(yuan)(yuan)東端一處現存高(gao)3.5、頂寬(kuan)15.5、腳寬(kuan)30米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)建于(yu)臺地(di)(di)邊緣,墻(qiang)的(de)構筑(zhu)方(fang)法為(wei)斜坡堆筑(zhu)形(xing)式,墻(qiang)下有一層小(xiao)卵石(shi)(shi)層,可能為(wei)墻(qiang)基。墻(qiang)外側(ce)也有卵石(shi)(shi)與土層相間的(de)層位。系(xi)人(ren)工所(suo)為(wei)。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)中發(fa)現新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代晚期、漢(han)代和(he)(he)唐代三個時(shi)(shi)期文化層,以(yi)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代文化堆積(ji)豐富,集中在城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)的(de)東部和(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)部。所(suo)出陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)褐(he)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)為(wei)主,夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)、泥(ni)質(zhi)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)泥(ni)質(zhi)褐(he)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)較少,還有少量(liang)(liang)黑皮陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)。夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)多見繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)裝飾,另有少量(liang)(liang)戳印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)圈(quan)足(zu)上的(de)鏤(lou)孔(kong);泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)主要(yao)飾戳印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)、附(fu)加泥(ni)條上戳印(yin)、篦劃(hua)平行(xing)線紋(wen)(wen)、水波紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)少量(liang)(liang)弦紋(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)瓦棱紋(wen)(wen)。以(yi)小(xiao)平底(di)器(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)底(di)施旋轉樣繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)有特色(se)。器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)以(yi)夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)花(hua)邊口(kou)罐(guan)、小(xiao)平底(di)假圈(quan)足(zu)敞口(kou)罐(guan),泥(ni)質(zhi)喇叭口(kou)高(gao)領罐(guan)、寬(kuan)折沿(yan)罐(guan)為(wei)代表(biao)。還有少量(liang)(liang)盤口(kou)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)帶耳器(qi)(qi)(qi),其中圈(quan)足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)較獨特,石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)小(xiao)型為(wei)主,多為(wei)磨制(zhi),主要(yao)有錛、斧、鑿(zao)和(he)(he)穿孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位于都江堰市青城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村,當地老百姓(xing)俗稱“芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子”,傳說(shuo)為(wei)(wei)明末張獻忠于匆忙中修(xiu)建的“忙城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址平(ping)面(mian)呈不(bu)規則的長(chang)方形(xing),為(wei)(wei)內外雙(shuang)圈城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻間(jian)有壕溝,面(mian)積約12萬平(ping)方米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內堆(dui)積有新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)和(he)宋代(dai)(dai)兩大時期的文(wen)化(hua)層。以(yi)(yi)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)文(wen)化(hua)層為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可分5層,遺物(wu)以(yi)(yi)陶器(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),還有一定數量(liang)(liang)的石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)。陶器(qi)種類(lei)較(jiao)少,制法以(yi)(yi)手制加(jia)慢輪修(xiu)整(zheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),泥質陶所占比重較(jiao)大,陶色(se)多(duo)紅(hong)褐和(he)橙黃色(se),灰陶相(xiang)對較(jiao)少,陶質較(jiao)軟,代(dai)(dai)表(biao)性器(qi)物(wu)有喇叭口(kou)高頸罐(guan)、寬(kuan)(kuan)折沿盆(pen)和(he)寬(kuan)(kuan)折沿罐(guan)、器(qi)蓋及少量(liang)(liang)帶柄(bing)圈足豆。器(qi)表(biao)以(yi)(yi)素面(mian)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),紋飾中主(zhu)要見(jian)兩三道平(ping)行劃(hua)紋及由劃(hua)紋組(zu)合成的幾何紋、少量(liang)(liang)凹弦紋等。夾砂陶中以(yi)(yi)外褐內灰或內黑陶居多(duo),紋飾以(yi)(yi)繩(sheng)紋為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),另有戳印紋,器(qi)形(xing)以(yi)(yi)外折沿紋唇花邊口(kou)罐(guan)和(he)圈足器(qi)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)表(biao),還有一定數量(liang)(liang)的盤(pan)口(kou)形(xing)器(qi)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)均磨制,有斧(fu)、錛、鑿(zao)。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位于崇州市上元(yuan)鄉(xiang)芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村雙河場,當地俗稱“下芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面積(ji)約15萬平方(fang)米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址基本呈(cheng)正南北方(fang)向(xiang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣分(fen)內(nei)外(wai)兩圈,內(nei)、外(wai)圈間距約15米(mi),東垣內(nei)圈城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保存好,長約450米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣最高達4米(mi),結構與(yu)都江堰(yan)芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相似。對該遺(yi)址進行試掘時(shi),發現人(ren)工柱洞14個,內(nei)有(you)礎石(shi);其平面大致呈(cheng)“十”字形,面積(ji)超過60平方(fang)米(mi),與(yu)挖溝槽(cao)埋柱的木(mu)骨泥墻(qiang)式(shi)房(fang)屋有(you)較大的差別。此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址地層堆積(ji)較薄,遺(yi)物較單純,陶器變化較小;較有(you)特色的出土器物是一(yi)件三孔石(shi)鉞和呈(cheng)透明狀的燧石(shi)質石(shi)片石(shi)器。
位于成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)西(xi)部(bu)崇(chong)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)區西(xi)南(nan)13公里(li)處(chu)的燎原(yuan)鄉紫竹(zhu)村(cun),東北距(ju)(ju)西(xi)河8公里(li),距(ju)(ju)岷江21公里(li)。城(cheng)址平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing),面(mian)積(ji)近20萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)垣分(fen)(fen)(fen)內(nei)、外(wai)兩圈(quan)(quan), 呈“回”字形(xing)(xing),與已發(fa)現(xian)的都(dou)江堰芒(mang)城(cheng)、崇(chong)州(zhou)(zhou)雙(shuang)河古城(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)相近。城(cheng)垣一(yi)(yi)般寬(kuan)15米(mi)(mi)左右,內(nei)、外(wai)城(cheng)垣間距(ju)(ju)約(yue)10米(mi)(mi),現(xian)存高(gao)度約(yue)1——1.5米(mi)(mi)。對紫竹(zhu)古城(cheng)的試(shi)掘(jue)工作,先后在城(cheng)址內(nei)東南(nan)部(bu)、西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)布探(tan)方(fang)發(fa)掘(jue),并對西(xi)垣內(nei)圈(quan)(quan)、北垣內(nei)圈(quan)(quan)城(cheng)墻進行解(jie)剖,試(shi)掘(jue)面(mian)積(ji)121平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi);清理寶墩(dun)文(wen)化灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)9個(ge),紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆積(ji)1處(chu),柱洞1個(ge)。灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)不規(gui)則(ze)形(xing)(xing)、長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)和三角形(xing)(xing)幾種,其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)不規(gui)則(ze)形(xing)(xing)灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)較為(wei)常(chang)見(jian)。6號(hao)灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)口為(wei)第(di)3層所壓(ya),7號(hao)灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)(da)破(po)6號(hao)灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng),6號(hao)灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)(da)破(po)生土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)狀為(wei)不規(gui)則(ze)形(xing)(xing),西(xi)部(bu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)近方(fang)形(xing)(xing)的淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)。灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)長(chang)328厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)200厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),坑(keng)(keng)(keng)口距(ju)(ju)地表深(shen)(shen)25厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、距(ju)(ju)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底深(shen)(shen)46——80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)壁(bi)不規(gui)整(zheng),有(you)直壁(bi)、亦有(you)斜壁(bi),底大致(zhi)平(ping)(ping)。灰黑色填土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),濕潤,略呈沙性;雜有(you)較多炭屑。灰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)周邊(bian)壁(bi)、底結合處(chu),有(you)內(nei)凹(ao)的小坑(keng)(keng)(keng),或為(wei)腳窩。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)物(wu)極為(wei)豐富,有(you)寶墩(dun)文(wen)化陶圈(quan)(quan)足尊、夾砂矮圈(quan)(quan)足、喇叭(ba)口高(gao)領(ling)罐(guan)、繩紋花邊(bian)罐(guan)、篦劃紋泥質陶壺底片、橋形(xing)(xing)耳、紡輪和石錛等遺物(wu)。紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆積(ji)位于1號(hao)探(tan)方(fang)西(xi)北角,為(wei)第(di)3層所疊壓(ya),打(da)(da)破(po)第(di)4層。平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)狀略呈圓形(xing)(xing),直徑約(yue)2米(mi)(mi),堆積(ji)厚約(yue)15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。該(gai)堆積(ji)全由紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)組(zu)成,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)堅硬,經(jing)火燒(shao)烤時間較長(chang),可能是一(yi)(yi)灶坑(keng)(keng)(keng)所在。清理部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)沒有(you)其(qi)它文(wen)化遺物(wu)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
成都(dou)(dou)平(ping)(ping)原史(shi)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)于20世紀60年(nian)代、80年(nian)代考古(gu)調(diao)查時相繼發(fa)(fa)現。發(fa)(fa)現有用于防(fang)御(yu)的(de)(de)高聳城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)、禮(li)儀(yi)性(xing)大房址(zhi)、干欄式建筑(zhu)、木骨(gu)或竹(zhu)骨(gu)泥墻(qiang)房址(zhi)、長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)豎穴土(tu)坑墓和(he)種類多樣的(de)(de)灰坑,出(chu)土(tu)了(le)大量磨制(zhi)精細(xi)的(de)(de)石器(qi)和(he)裝飾(shi)精美的(de)(de)陶器(qi)。這些古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)建筑(zhu)技術(shu)相同,文化(hua)性(xing)質單一,是寶墩文化(hua)的(de)(de)中心聚落遺址(zhi)。寶墩古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)達60萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。郫(pi)縣古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地處成都(dou)(dou)平(ping)(ping)原腹心地帶,平(ping)(ping)面(mian)也呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing),總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)30余萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)中部(bu)發(fa)(fa)現有面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)達550平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)的(de)(de)禮(li)儀(yi)性(xing)建筑(zhu)。魚鳧(fu)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈六(liu)邊(bian)形(xing),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)40萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),為內外雙圈城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)間有壕溝(gou),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)11萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。雙河古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、紫竹(zhu)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其平(ping)(ping)面(mian)也均呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)分別為11萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)、20萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。