成(cheng)都(dou)平原史前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)包(bao)括四川省成(cheng)都(dou)新津(jin)縣(xian)龍馬(ma)鄉的(de)(de)寶墩古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、郫都(dou)區古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉的(de)(de)鄲縣(xian)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、溫江區萬春鎮的(de)(de)魚鳧古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、都(dou)江堰市(shi)青城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉的(de)(de)芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、崇(chong)州市(shi)上(shang)元鄉的(de)(de)雙河古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)燎原鄉的(de)(de)紫竹(zhu)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)等,是迄今(jin)所知(zhi)中國西南(nan)地(di)區發現年代(dai)早、規模(mo)大(da)、分布密集的(de)(de)史前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)群,年代(dai)距今(jin)約4500~4000年左右。
成都(dou)平原史前城址是四川(chuan)考古學上一次全(quan)新(xin)的發(fa)現和(he)突破。對于建立四川(chuan)地區新(xin)石器時代(dai)到青銅(tong)時代(dai)的文(wen)化發(fa)展序列、探索長江(jiang)上游(you)地區文(wen)明起源等問題(ti)具有(you)重(zhong)要的學術價值。
2001年(nian),成(cheng)都平(ping)原史前城址被國(guo)務(wu)院公布為第五批(pi)全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。
位干四川(chuan)省成都市(shi)(shi)新津(jin)縣城西北(bei)的龍馬(ma)鄉寶(bao)墩村,地形奇特,在一馬(ma)平川(chuan)的綠色沃野上凸現(xian)出一圈不(bu)規(gui)則的脊(ji)梁似(si)的黃土埂(geng)(geng)子。埂(geng)(geng)內阡陌縱橫(heng),溝渠交錯。溝底和兩側(ce)往往會發現(xian)一些(xie)散(san)碎的磚瓦(wa)器物(wu)。1995年,成都市(shi)(shi)文物(wu)考古研究所、四川(chuan)大學(xue)考古系及(ji)日本早稻田大學(xue)聯合對(dui)寶(bao)墩村進行考古發掘,經四個月發掘后確認,黃土埂(geng)(geng)子圈起(qi)的地方是距今約四、五(wu)千(qian)年的古城遺址,散(san)碎的磚瓦(wa)器物(wu)是蜀地先民早在四、五(wu)千(qian)年前(qian)就進入(ru)文明的物(wu)證,比三星堆(dui)和金沙遺址年代還要早,屬成都平原古蜀文明的早階段。
寶墩古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)系龍山(shan)時代古城(cheng)遺址(zhi),對探索長江上(shang)游地區(qu)的(de)文明起(qi)源有著極為重要(yao)(yao)的(de)意義(yi),是繼(ji)廣漢三星堆(dui)藏坑之后,四(si)川地區(qu)又一(yi)重要(yao)(yao)發現,在中(zhong)外(wai)考古界(jie)引起(qi)了轟動(dong),并在1996 年全國十大(da)考古新發現中(zhong)排名第三。
地處成都平(ping)原腹(fu)心(xin)地帶的(de)郫都區古城(cheng)鄉,當(dang)地老百姓傳說為(wei)三(san)國蜀漢(han)丞(cheng)相(xiang)諸葛亮養馬(ma)的(de)“養馬(ma)城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址平(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形,城(cheng)垣長(chang)650、寬500米,面(mian)積32.5萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米;城(cheng)址中部(bu)發現有面(mian)積達(da)550平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米的(de)禮儀(yi)性建(jian)筑。文化層(ceng)(ceng)堆積有新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代晚(wan)期(qi)、漢(han)代和宋代三(san)個時(shi)期(qi)的(de)堆積。以新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代晚(wan)期(qi)文化層(ceng)(ceng)豐富(fu),厚達(da)80厘米,可分上(shang)、下兩層(ceng)(ceng)。城(cheng)內有房址,房址地面(mian)起建(jian),呈方(fang)(fang)形,挖基槽,作(zuo)木骨泥(ni)墻。出(chu)土遺物主(zhu)要是陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)和石(shi)器(qi)(qi)。下層(ceng)(ceng)夾砂陶(tao)和泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)多(duo)半(ban),上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)則以夾砂陶(tao)為(wei)主(zhu),褐陶(tao)多(duo)見,灰陶(tao)較少(shao),紋飾以繩(sheng)紋、方(fang)(fang)格紋、戳印紋為(wei)主(zhu),器(qi)(qi)形以外折沿(yan)花邊(bian)口(kou)罐、盤口(kou)形器(qi)(qi)、喇(la)叭高頸罐、寬折沿(yan)深(shen)腹(fu)罐為(wei)常見,也有少(shao)量帶耳(er)器(qi)(qi),另有陶(tao)紡輪。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)均磨制,有斧(fu)、錛、鑿等。
城(cheng)址位于(yu)溫江區萬春鎮魚鳧(fu)村,當地(di)(di)老百姓傳說是古蜀(shu)王魚鳧(fu)的(de)(de)都邑所(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di),習稱“魚鳧(fu)城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址呈(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面呈(cheng)不(bu)規則的(de)(de)六邊(bian)形,面積40萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。經調(diao)查(cha)、鉆探(tan),了解到城(cheng)垣呈(cheng)西(xi)北至(zhi)東(dong)南(nan)向,南(nan)垣長(chang)約(yue)(yue)600米(mi)(mi);東(dong)垣呈(cheng)外(wai)弧(hu)形,長(chang)440米(mi)(mi),西(xi)垣長(chang)370米(mi)(mi),東(dong)北垣長(chang)280米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)址面積約(yue)(yue)2萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。南(nan)垣東(dong)端一處現存高(gao)3.5、頂寬15.5、腳寬30米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)建(jian)于(yu)臺(tai)地(di)(di)邊(bian)緣,墻(qiang)的(de)(de)構筑(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)法為(wei)(wei)斜坡堆筑(zhu)(zhu)形式,墻(qiang)下有(you)(you)(you)一層(ceng)(ceng)小(xiao)卵(luan)石(shi)(shi)層(ceng)(ceng),可能為(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)基。墻(qiang)外(wai)側(ce)也有(you)(you)(you)卵(luan)石(shi)(shi)與土層(ceng)(ceng)相(xiang)間的(de)(de)層(ceng)(ceng)位。系人工所(suo)為(wei)(wei)。城(cheng)址中(zhong)發現新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)晚期、漢代(dai)和唐代(dai)三個時期文化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng),以(yi)(yi)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)文化(hua)堆積豐富,集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)城(cheng)址的(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)和北部(bu)。所(suo)出陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)夾(jia)砂(sha)褐陶(tao)(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)主,夾(jia)砂(sha)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、泥(ni)質灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和泥(ni)質褐陶(tao)(tao)(tao)較少(shao),還有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)黑皮陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)多見(jian)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)裝飾,另有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)戳(chuo)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及圈足上的(de)(de)鏤孔;泥(ni)質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)主要飾戳(chuo)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、附加泥(ni)條(tiao)上戳(chuo)印(yin)、篦劃平(ping)(ping)行線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及少(shao)量(liang)弦(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和瓦棱紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底(di)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)底(di)施旋轉(zhuan)樣繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)特色。器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形以(yi)(yi)夾(jia)砂(sha)花邊(bian)口(kou)(kou)罐(guan)、小(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底(di)假(jia)圈足敞口(kou)(kou)罐(guan),泥(ni)質喇叭口(kou)(kou)高(gao)領罐(guan)、寬折沿罐(guan)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表。還有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)盤口(kou)(kou)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和帶耳器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其(qi)中(zhong)圈足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)較獨特,石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)型為(wei)(wei)主,多為(wei)(wei)磨制(zhi),主要有(you)(you)(you)錛、斧(fu)、鑿和穿(chuan)孔石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
城(cheng)(cheng)址位于(yu)都江堰市(shi)青城(cheng)(cheng)鄉芒城(cheng)(cheng)村,當地老百姓俗稱“芒城(cheng)(cheng)子”,傳說為明末張(zhang)獻忠(zhong)于(yu)匆忙中(zhong)修建的(de)“忙城(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)址平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈不規則(ze)的(de)長(chang)方形(xing),為內外(wai)雙(shuang)圈(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻,內外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)墻間有壕溝,面(mian)積約(yue)12萬平(ping)(ping)方米。城(cheng)(cheng)內堆積有新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)和宋代(dai)(dai)兩(liang)大時(shi)期的(de)文化層(ceng)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)文化層(ceng)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),可分5層(ceng),遺(yi)物以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)陶器(qi)(qi)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),還有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)量的(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。陶器(qi)(qi)種類較少,制法(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手制加慢輪修整為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)陶所占比重較大,陶色(se)多(duo)紅褐和橙(cheng)黃色(se),灰陶相對較少,陶質(zhi)(zhi)較軟(ruan),代(dai)(dai)表性器(qi)(qi)物有喇叭口高(gao)頸(jing)罐、寬折沿盆和寬折沿罐、器(qi)(qi)蓋及少量帶柄圈(quan)足豆。器(qi)(qi)表以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)素面(mian)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),紋(wen)(wen)飾中(zhong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要見兩(liang)三道平(ping)(ping)行劃紋(wen)(wen)及由劃紋(wen)(wen)組合成(cheng)的(de)幾何紋(wen)(wen)、少量凹弦紋(wen)(wen)等。夾砂陶中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)褐內灰或內黑(hei)陶居多(duo),紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),另有戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen),器(qi)(qi)形(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)折沿紋(wen)(wen)唇花邊口罐和圈(quan)足器(qi)(qi)為代(dai)(dai)表,還有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)量的(de)盤口形(xing)器(qi)(qi)。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)均磨制,有斧、錛、鑿(zao)。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)位于(yu)崇州(zhou)市(shi)上元鄉芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村雙(shuang)河場,當(dang)地(di)俗稱(cheng)“下(xia)芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面積約15萬平方米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)基本(ben)呈(cheng)正(zheng)南北(bei)方向,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣分內(nei)外兩圈,內(nei)、外圈間距約15米(mi),東垣內(nei)圈城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保(bao)存(cun)好,長約450米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣最高(gao)達4米(mi),結構與都(dou)江(jiang)堰芒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相似。對該遺(yi)址(zhi)進行(xing)試掘時(shi),發現人工柱(zhu)洞14個(ge),內(nei)有礎石(shi);其(qi)平面大致呈(cheng)“十”字形,面積超過60平方米(mi),與挖溝槽埋(mai)柱(zhu)的(de)木骨泥(ni)墻式(shi)房屋(wu)有較(jiao)大的(de)差別(bie)。此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)地(di)層(ceng)堆積較(jiao)薄,遺(yi)物較(jiao)單純,陶器變(bian)化較(jiao)小(xiao);較(jiao)有特色(se)的(de)出土(tu)器物是一件三孔石(shi)鉞和呈(cheng)透明狀的(de)燧石(shi)質石(shi)片(pian)石(shi)器。
位于(yu)成都平(ping)(ping)(ping)原西(xi)(xi)部(bu)崇州市區(qu)西(xi)(xi)南13公里處(chu)的(de)燎原鄉紫竹(zhu)村,東(dong)北距西(xi)(xi)河8公里,距岷江21公里。城(cheng)(cheng)址平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing),面(mian)積(ji)近20萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)分(fen)內、外兩(liang)圈(quan)(quan), 呈“回”字形(xing),與已發現的(de)都江堰芒城(cheng)(cheng)、崇州雙河古城(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)制(zhi)相近。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)一般寬(kuan)(kuan)15米(mi)(mi)左右,內、外城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)間距約10米(mi)(mi),現存高(gao)度約1——1.5米(mi)(mi)。對(dui)紫竹(zhu)古城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)試(shi)掘(jue)工作,先后(hou)在城(cheng)(cheng)址內東(dong)南部(bu)、西(xi)(xi)南部(bu)布(bu)探(tan)方(fang)發掘(jue),并對(dui)西(xi)(xi)垣(yuan)內圈(quan)(quan)、北垣(yuan)內圈(quan)(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻進(jin)行解剖,試(shi)掘(jue)面(mian)積(ji)121平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi);清(qing)理寶(bao)墩文(wen)化灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)9個,紅燒(shao)土(tu)堆(dui)積(ji)1處(chu),柱洞1個。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)形(xing)、長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)、圓形(xing)、橢圓形(xing)和(he)三(san)角形(xing)幾種(zhong),其(qi)中以不(bu)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)形(xing)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)較為(wei)(wei)常(chang)見。6號灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)口(kou)為(wei)(wei)第3層(ceng)(ceng)所(suo)壓(ya)(ya),7號灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)打破6號灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng),6號灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)打破生土(tu)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)形(xing),西(xi)(xi)部(bu)有一近方(fang)形(xing)的(de)淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)長(chang)(chang)328厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)200厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)口(kou)距地(di)表深25厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、距坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)深46——80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)壁(bi)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)整,有直(zhi)壁(bi)、亦(yi)有斜(xie)壁(bi),底(di)大致平(ping)(ping)(ping)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)黑色填土(tu),濕(shi)潤,略呈沙性(xing);雜有較多炭屑。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周邊壁(bi)、底(di)結合處(chu),有內凹的(de)小坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng),或為(wei)(wei)腳窩(wo)。出土(tu)物極(ji)為(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富,有寶(bao)墩文(wen)化陶圈(quan)(quan)足尊、夾砂矮(ai)圈(quan)(quan)足、喇叭口(kou)高(gao)領罐(guan)、繩紋花邊罐(guan)、篦劃(hua)紋泥質陶壺底(di)片、橋形(xing)耳(er)、紡輪和(he)石錛等遺(yi)物。紅燒(shao)土(tu)堆(dui)積(ji)位于(yu)1號探(tan)方(fang)西(xi)(xi)北角,為(wei)(wei)第3層(ceng)(ceng)所(suo)疊壓(ya)(ya),打破第4層(ceng)(ceng)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)略呈圓形(xing),直(zhi)徑約2米(mi)(mi),堆(dui)積(ji)厚約15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。該堆(dui)積(ji)全(quan)由紅燒(shao)土(tu)塊組成,土(tu)塊堅硬,經火燒(shao)烤時(shi)間較長(chang)(chang),可能(neng)是一灶坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)所(suo)在。清(qing)理部(bu)分(fen)沒有其(qi)它文(wen)化遺(yi)物出土(tu)。
成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)史前城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)20世紀60年(nian)(nian)代、80年(nian)(nian)代考古(gu)(gu)調查時相繼(ji)發現(xian)。發現(xian)有用于(yu)防(fang)御的(de)高聳(song)城(cheng)墻(qiang)、禮儀性大房址(zhi)(zhi)、干(gan)欄式建筑(zhu)(zhu)、木(mu)骨或竹骨泥墻(qiang)房址(zhi)(zhi)、長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)豎穴(xue)土坑墓和種類多樣的(de)灰坑,出土了大量磨(mo)制精(jing)細的(de)石器和裝飾精(jing)美的(de)陶(tao)器。這些古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)技術相同,文(wen)化性質單一,是寶墩文(wen)化的(de)中心聚(ju)落遺址(zhi)(zhi)。寶墩古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積達60萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米。郫(pi)縣(xian)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)地處成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)腹心地帶,平(ping)(ping)面(mian)也(ye)呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),總面(mian)積30余萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米,城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)中部發現(xian)有面(mian)積達550平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米的(de)禮儀性建筑(zhu)(zhu)。魚鳧古(gu)(gu)城(cheng),平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈六邊形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積40萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米。芒城(cheng)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng),為內外雙圈城(cheng)墻(qiang),內外城(cheng)墻(qiang)間有壕溝,面(mian)積11萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米。雙河(he)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)、紫(zi)竹古(gu)(gu)城(cheng),其平(ping)(ping)面(mian)也(ye)均呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積分別(bie)為11萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米、20萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米。