【繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路】繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路解析(xi) 繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器的正確使用方法

一、繼電器控制電路

能帶動繼電器工作的CMOS集成塊

在人們的習慣中，總認為CMOS集成塊不能直接帶動繼電器工作，但實驗證明，部分CMOS集成塊不僅能直接帶動繼電器工作，而且工作穩定可靠。實驗中所用繼電器的型號為JRC5M－DC12V微型密封繼電器（其線圈電阻為750Ω）。現將CD4066 CMOS集成塊帶動繼電器的工(gong)作(zuo)原理分析如(ru)下：

CD4066是四(si)(si)雙向模擬開(kai)關(guan)，集成(cheng)塊SCR1～SCR4為(wei)控制(zhi)端，用于控制(zhi)四(si)(si)雙向模擬開(kai)關(guan)的(de)通斷。當SCR1接(jie)高電平時(shi)，集成(cheng)塊①、②腳(jiao)導(dao)通，＋12V→K1→集成(cheng)塊①、②腳(jiao)→電源(yuan)負(fu)極使K1吸合；反之(zhi)當SCR1輸入低(di)電平時(shi)，集成(cheng)塊①、②腳(jiao)開(kai)路，K1失電釋放，SCR2～SCR4輸入高電平或低(di)電平時(shi)狀(zhuang)態與SCR1相同。

該圖片由注冊用戶"沉靜時光"提供，版權聲明反饋

電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，繼電(dian)(dian)器線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)兩端均反(fan)相(xiang)并(bing)聯了一只(zhi)二(er)(er)極管(guan)，它(ta)是用于(yu)保(bao)(bao)護集成(cheng)塊(kuai)的(de)，切不可(ke)省去，否(fou)則在繼電(dian)(dian)器由吸合狀態(tai)轉為(wei)釋放時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)感的(de)作用線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)上將產(chan)生(sheng)較(jiao)高的(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)，極容易導致集成(cheng)塊(kuai)擊(ji)穿。并(bing)聯了二(er)(er)極管(guan)后，在繼電(dian)(dian)器由吸合變為(wei)釋放的(de)瞬(shun)間(jian)，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)將通(tong)過二(er)(er)極管(guan)形成(cheng)短時間(jian)的(de)續流回路，使線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流不致突變，從(cong)而避(bi)免(mian)了線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)，確保(bao)(bao)了集成(cheng)塊(kuai)的(de)安(an)全。

低電壓下繼電器的吸合措施

常常因為電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)低于繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)吸(xi)合(he)(he)電(dian)壓(ya)而使其不能(neng)正常工作，事實上，繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)吸(xi)合(he)(he)，便(bian)可(ke)在額定電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)左右可(ke)靠地工作。因此(ci)(ci)，可(ke)以在開始時給(gei)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)個啟(qi)動電(dian)壓(ya)使其吸(xi)合(he)(he)，然后再讓其在較低的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)下工作，如(ru)圖所示的(de)電(dian)路(lu)便(bian)可(ke)實現此(ci)(ci)目的(de)。

工作原理：如圖所示(shi)。V1為單結晶體管BT33C，它與R1、R2、R3和C1組(zu)成一(yi)個張弛式振蕩器(qi)，SCR為單向可(ke)控硅，按(an)下(xia)啟動按(an)鈕AN1后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為SCR無觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所以(yi)不導通，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)J不動作，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源通過R4和VD1給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C2迅(xun)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至接(jie)近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（Vcc-VD1壓(ya)降）。同時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源經R1給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C1充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。數秒后(hou)(hou)，C1上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充到V1的觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，C1立即通過V1放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)R3上(shang)形成一(yi)個正脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)，該脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)路加到V2基極(ji)，使V2迅(xun)速飽和導通，V2集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)也(ye)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C2正極(ji)近于接(jie)地。由于此時(shi)C2上(shang)充有上(shang)正下(xia)負(fu)的正極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所以(yi)C2負(fu)極(ji)也(ye)即J線圈一(yi)端呈負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。R3上(shang)的正脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)另(ling)一(yi)路經VD2、C3去(qu)觸發可(ke)控硅導通，SCR陰極(ji)也(ye)即J線圈另(ling)一(yi)端接(jie)近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。這時(shi)，J線圈實際上(shang)承受約兩倍的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所以(yi)J1－1閉合，松開(kai)AN1后(hou)(hou)，J1－1自保。J1－2將V1、V2供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)切斷，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)接(jie)近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)工作。圖中(zhong)，AN2為停止按(an)鈕，按(an)下(xia)AN2，J失(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)釋放(fang)，J1－1斷開(kai)，整個控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路失(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

制作本電路時，一(yi)般可(ke)取繼電器的額定電壓(ya)為(wei)電源電壓(ya)的1.5倍左右，一(yi)般情況下，任何型號的單向(xiang)可(ke)控硅(gui)（或雙向(xiang)可(ke)控硅(gui)）皆可(ke)滿足(zu)本電路需要。V2、C1、C3的耐(nai)壓(ya)視電源電壓(ya)的高低(di)選取。C2耐(nai)壓(ya)最好不低(di)于電源電壓(ya)的兩倍。

繼電器的三種附加電路

繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中常用的一種元件，一般由晶體管、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)元器(qi)件組成的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子開(kai)關驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，往(wang)往(wang)還要加(jia)上一些附(fu)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)以改變(bian)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的工(gong)作特性或起保護作用。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的附(fu)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)主要有如下(xia)三種形(xing)式(shi)：

1.繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)串(chuan)聯RC電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)形(xing)式(shi)如圖1，這(zhe)種形(xing)式(shi)主要應用于(yu)(yu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合(he)時，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈由于(yu)(yu)自感現(xian)象會產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢阻礙線(xian)(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)增大，從(cong)而延(yan)長(chang)了(le)吸(xi)合(he)時間(jian)，串(chuan)聯上RC電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后則(ze)可以(yi)縮短吸(xi)合(he)時間(jian)。原理(li)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)能突變可視(shi)為短路(lu)，這(zhe)樣就將比繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈額定(ding)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加到線(xian)(xian)圈上，從(cong)而加快了(le)線(xian)(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增大的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度，使繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)迅(xun)速吸(xi)合(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)穩定(ding)之(zhi)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C不(bu)起作(zuo)用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R起限流作(zuo)用。

2.繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)并聯RC電(dian)(dian)路(lu)：電(dian)(dian)路(lu)形式見圖2，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉合后(hou)，當電(dian)(dian)流穩定時RC電(dian)(dian)路(lu)不(bu)起(qi)作用，斷開電(dian)(dian)路(lu)時，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈由(you)于自感(gan)而產生感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動勢，經RC電(dian)(dian)路(lu)放電(dian)(dian)，使線圈中電(dian)(dian)流衰減放慢，從而延(yan)長了繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)銜(xian)鐵(tie)釋放時間，起(qi)到延(yan)時作用。

3.繼電器并(bing)聯二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)電路：電路形式(shi)見圖(tu)3，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)為了保護晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動元(yuan)器件。當圖(tu)中晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VT由導通變為截(jie)止(zhi)時，流(liu)(liu)經繼電器線圈(quan)的(de)(de)電流(liu)(liu)將迅速減小，這(zhe)時線圈(quan)會產生很高的(de)(de)自(zi)感(gan)電動勢(shi)與(yu)電源(yuan)電壓(ya)疊加(jia)后(hou)加(jia)在VT的(de)(de)c、e兩極(ji)間，會使(shi)晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)擊(ji)穿(chuan)，并(bing)聯上二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)后(hou)，即可將線圈(quan)的(de)(de)自(zi)感(gan)電動勢(shi)鉗位于(yu)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)正向導通電壓(ya)，此值(zhi)硅管(guan)(guan)(guan)約0.7V，鍺管(guan)(guan)(guan)約0.2V，從而避免擊(ji)穿(chuan)晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動元(yuan)器件。并(bing)聯二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)時一定要(yao)注意二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)極(ji)性不(bu)可接反，否則容易損壞晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)驅(qu)動元(yuan)器件。

無電感式模擬繼電器

圖中，220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)源經負載RL、R1、D1～D4、ZD1，為Q4、Q3在正負半(ban)周輪流(liu)提(ti)供偏(pian)置；同時經R3、D5～D8為光電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦合器(qi)Q1提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。當(dang)前級(ji)TTL電(dian)(dian)(dian)路輸(shu)出(chu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)平信號時，光電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦合器(qi)在市電(dian)(dian)(dian)正半(ban)周內導(dao)(dao)通，于是在R5兩端產生壓(ya)降，觸發SCR導(dao)(dao)通，負載RL得電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作。整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的功(gong)能如(ru)同一只繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，但不會產生反(fan)向感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也就避免了負載被高反(fan)壓(ya)擊穿損壞的可能。C1、R6為脈沖吸收元件(jian)，R3起限流(liu)作用。

為避免(mian)RL為感性(xing)負載時，可控硅的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦(ou)合器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)產生(sheng)的90°相(xiang)位，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)耦(ou)合器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)取(qu)自SCR的陽極而不直接(jie)取(qu)自市電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

繼電器電路小改進

繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)常安裝在電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備的內部，其工作狀態不直觀，筆者(zhe)將(jiang)其作如下圖改進。在線圈兩端接(jie)發(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VD1，當控制電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為正時，三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)導通，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)J吸(xi)合，同時發(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)被點亮，表明繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈已加上電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。發(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)可裝在外殼顯眼之處(chu)。

二、繼電器的正確使用方法

1、繼電器額定工作電壓的選擇

繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)額(e)(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)最主要的(de)(de)一項技術參(can)數(shu)。在(zai)使用繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)時，應該首先考慮所(suo)(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(即繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈所(suo)(suo)在(zai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu))的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)應等于所(suo)(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。一般所(suo)(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)額(e)(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)0.86。注意所(suo)(suo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)件電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)千萬不能超過繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)額(e)(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，否則繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈容易燒毀。另外，有些集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，例(li)如(ru)NE555電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)可以直接(jie)驅動繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)，而有些集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，例(li)如(ru)COMS電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，需要加一級晶體(ti)管(guan)放(fang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)方可驅動繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，這(zhe)就應考慮晶體(ti)管(guan)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應大于繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

2、觸點負載的選擇

觸點負載是指觸點的承受能力。繼電器的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)點(dian)在轉(zhuan)換(huan)時可承受一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。所以在使用繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)時，應考慮加在觸(chu)點(dian)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和通過觸(chu)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不能超(chao)過該(gai)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)點(dian)負載能力。例如，有一(yi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)點(dian)負載為28V(DC)×10A，表明該(gai)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)點(dian)只(zhi)能工作在直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為28V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路上，觸(chu)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為10A，超(chao)過28V或10A，會影響繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)正常使用，甚至(zhi)燒毀(hui)觸(chu)點(dian)。

3、繼電器線圈電源的選擇

這是(shi)指繼電器線(xian)圈(quan)使用的(de)是(shi)直流(liu)電(DC)還是(shi)交流(liu)電(AC)。通常(chang)，初學者在進行電子(zi)制作活動中，都是(shi)采用電子(zi)線(xian)路，而電子(zi)線(xian)路往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)采用直流(liu)電源供電，所以必(bi)須是(shi)采用線(xian)圈(quan)是(shi)直流(liu)電壓的(de)繼電器。樂灌胃和腹腔注射實驗，結(jie)果發現可(ke)樂對小鼠精子(zi)活性和形態有一(yi)定影響。但是(shi)截至目(mu)前，仍無(wu)法(fa)證(zheng)明飲(yin)用碳(tan)酸飲(yin)料對人體(ti)有“殺(sha)精”效(xiao)果。