一、步進電機怎么測量好壞

1、上電(dian)(dian)能(neng)鎖緊，力矩輸出正常，轉(zhuan)角正確，這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)機就(jiu)是好的，否(fou)則(ze)就(jiu)有問題。

2、斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下(xia)，用手(shou)轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸，注意各引出線不要短路，好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)當阻力(li)(li)(li)均勻(yun)，可以(yi)用手(shou)轉動。再把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機引出線擰在一起（短路），此時轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)稱力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)，也就是需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機標(biao)稱力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)那么大的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)才能(neng)轉動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機就是壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)。

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二、步進電機常見故障及處理方法

1、步進電動機運行中失步

當步進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機改變負載運行(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)，如帶大慣量負載則產生振蕩，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)機在某一運行(xing)(xing)(xing)頻(pin)率(lv)下，起(qi)動(dong)丟步或停(ting)轉滑步。造成(cheng)步進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機運行(xing)(xing)(xing)中失(shi)步。為了消(xiao)除(chu)大慣性負載引起(qi)失(shi)步，可以采用(yong)機械阻尼的方法，用(yong)以消(xiao)除(chu)或吸(xi)收振蕩能量；也可以通過加大負載的摩(mo)擦力矩的方法，從(cong)而改善運行(xing)(xing)(xing)特性，消(xiao)除(chu)失(shi)步。因為步進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機受(shou)控于電(dian)(dian)脈沖而產生步進運動(dong)，采取如上措(cuo)施能使電(dian)(dian)脈沖正常，不受(shou)干(gan)擾，從(cong)而消(xiao)除(chu)電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)(xing)(xing)中失(shi)步。

另一(yi)種(zhong)失步(bu)(bu)可(ke)能是(shi)原(yuan)采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)而(er)(er)改(gai)(gai)為單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又未(wei)采取(qu)相(xiang)應(ying)補(bu)救(jiu)措施，使起(qi)動(dong)(dong)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)運(yun)行(xing)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)降低，矩頻(pin)特性惡化而(er)(er)失步(bu)(bu)。當(dang)是(shi)此種(zhong)原(yuan)因(yin)所(suo)至，應(ying)重新恢(hui)復雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。有些使用(yong)單(dan)位或部(bu)門(men)，為簡化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)采用(yong)單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)失步(bu)(bu)，這種(zhong)做法(fa)不(bu)當(dang)，要知道采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)為了提高起(qi)動(dong)(dong)和(he)運(yun)行(xing)兩(liang)種(zhong)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，改(gai)(gai)善(shan)矩頻(pin)特性，從而(er)(er)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)了輸(shu)入(ru)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)繞組中(zhong)(zhong)脈沖(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)上(shang)升沿和(he)下降沿。用(yong)單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈沖(chong)(chong)穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)得不(bu)到維(wei)持，步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)應(ying)減(jian)小(xiao)，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)容量減(jian)小(xiao)而(er)(er)過載，效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)降低而(er)(er)失步(bu)(bu)。采用(yong)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，用(yong)高低兩(liang)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，即在(zai)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)繞組脈沖(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通入(ru)瞬(shun)間，對其施以(yi)高壓，強迫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)上(shang)升加速；池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到一(yi)定值后，再改(gai)(gai)施以(yi)低壓，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)正常運(yun)行(xing)。這種(zhong)措施不(bu)僅使驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)容量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)小(xiao)，同(tong)時也(ye)提高了運(yun)行(xing)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，改(gai)(gai)善(shan)運(yun)行(xing)特性，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不(bu)會失步(bu)(bu)運(yun)行(xing)。

2、控制繞組一相反繞，影響正常運行

當步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機不能(neng)正常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時，除上述兩種原(yuan)因影響速度或失步外，可能(neng)是定了控制繞組(zu)有一相(xiang)反接(jie)。當一相(xiang)繞組(zu)反接(jie)，相(xiang)當于通(tong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流方向相(xiang)反，電(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)互抵消(xiao)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機在此相(xiang)內無(wu)脈沖電(dian)(dian)流，運(yun)(yun)行(xing)失常或根(gen)本不能(neng)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。在通(tong)電(dian)(dian)情況下，檢(jian)(jian)測三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流就能(neng)發(fa)現。檢(jian)(jian)測出反接(jie)相(xiang)后，將該相(xiang)繞組(zu)首末引(yin)出線對調，按正確接(jie)法接(jie)好，再(zai)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)流的檢(jian)(jian)測。

3、開路故障

定子控制繞組開路故障，表現為一種(zhong)是引線接(jie)頭(tou)處斷或焊接(jie)處全脫焊，或從某一匝中導(dao)線折斷；另(ling)一種(zhong)情況是導(dao)線將斷未斷，如假焊、虛焊，或有(you)裂(lie)紋。

此故障(zhang)可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)普通三相(xiang)電動(dong)機(ji)斷路方法來檢(jian)測(ce)，較方便(bian)的是用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表電阻檔來檢(jian)測(ce)，當指(zhi)針不(bu)動(dong)或(huo)電阻很大，說明(ming)所檢(jian)測(ce)一(yi)相(xiang)繞組為開路。

修理方法是(shi)找到(dao)故障處，將斷開兩頭漆(qi)皮刮掉后擰緊(jin)再焊牢，包上絕緣。

4、短路故障

步進電動機(ji)定子控制繞(rao)組一般為(wei)單根導線繞(rao)制的多匝(za)繞(rao)組，短(duan)路也是匝(za)間(jian)短(duan)路。檢測方法主(zhu)要分以下兩(liang)步:

目測法(fa)：凡短(duan)路的繞組因短(duan)路電流大而過熱，繞組導(dao)線絕緣(yuan)層有發黑變(bian)脆的糊焦狀，凡有此(ci)種情(qing)況的為故(gu)障相；

用(yong)在通電(dian)(dian)運行狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下，測量各相電(dian)(dian)流，凡電(dian)(dian)流大的相為故障(zhang)相。

故障(zhang)相(xiang)找到(dao)后(hou)，如果短(duan)路在端(duan)部(bu)外層，采用加(jia)熱繞組后(hou)，輕輕撬起短(duan)路匝，用薄絕(jue)緣紙墊好，再壓實，線(xian)圈(quan)局部(bu)加(jia)熱，再刷上1032號(hao)絕(jue)緣漆(qi)后(hou)烘于即可；如短(duan)路嚴重(zhong)不(bu)能局部(bu)修理，只(zhi)有(you)重(zhong)繞線(xian)圈(quan)換上。

5、擊穿故障

擊穿(chuan)(chuan)故(gu)障的(de)繞組可目測(ce)出，也可用兆歐表搖測(ce)其絕緣電阻，一般擊穿(chuan)(chuan)后(hou)繞組將接(jie)地(di)，檢測(ce)相絕緣電阻為零者，說(shuo)明(ming)即擊穿(chuan)(chuan)又接(jie)地(di)。

6、電源裝置故障使步進電動機不能運行

功率(lv)放大(da)失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)，門電(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)子開關損(sun)壞(huai)及計數(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)是常(chang)發(fa)生的。可采用(yong)萬用(yong)表及示波器(qi)(qi)等儀表，對照線路逐段檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)。如(ru)測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)放大(da)程序邏輯部分(fen)無(wu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)或信(xin)(xin)號(hao)弱(ruo)，說(shuo)明功率(lv)驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)毛(mao)病，對其應(ying)進一步檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)排除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)至有(you)正(zheng)常(chang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)；當電(dian)(dian)子開關未在起(qi)動(dong)位置(zhi)，門電(dian)(dian)路就開通(tong)，說(shuo)明起(qi)動(dong)開關已經損(sun)壞(huai)，只有(you)更(geng)換(huan)合(he)格的開關；如(ru)反饋(kui)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)沒有(you)，即反饋(kui)沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)，說(shuo)明反饋(kui)環(huan)節有(you)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，應(ying)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)脈沖數(shu)(shu)選器(qi)(qi)及整形(xing)反相(xiang)環(huan)節等，找出(chu)毛(mao)病調整至有(you)正(zheng)常(chang)反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)止。當發(fa)現電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)順(shun)序不(bu)對，不(bu)符合(he)設定(ding)(ding)順(shun)序，說(shuo)明環(huan)形(xing)分(fen)配(pei)器(qi)(qi)失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)，因它的級數(shu)(shu)應(ying)等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的相(xiang)數(shu)(shu)，在此情況下，它才按規定(ding)(ding)邏輯給電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)各相(xiang)繞組依(yi)次(ci)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)，使(shi)之順(shun)序轉或逆轉。總之，對電(dian)(dian)源裝置(zhi)應(ying)經常(chang)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)調試，防(fang)止故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)出(chu)現，影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)。