一、步進電機怎么測量好壞

1、上(shang)電能(neng)鎖緊，力(li)矩(ju)輸出正常(chang)，轉角正確，這個電機就(jiu)是(shi)好(hao)的，否(fou)則就(jiu)有問題(ti)。

2、斷電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下，用手轉動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)，注意各引出線(xian)不要(yao)短路，好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應當阻力(li)均勻，可以用手轉動。再把電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)引出線(xian)擰在一起(qi)（短路），此時轉動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)力(li)矩就是電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)標稱力(li)矩，也(ye)就是需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)標稱力(li)矩那(nei)么大的(de)(de)力(li)矩才(cai)能(neng)轉動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)，否則(ze)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就是壞的(de)(de)。

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二、步進電機常見故障及處理方法

1、步進電動機運行中失步

當步(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)改變(bian)負載(zai)(zai)運(yun)行(xing)時，如帶(dai)大(da)慣(guan)量負載(zai)(zai)則產生振蕩，造成電(dian)機(ji)在(zai)某一運(yun)行(xing)頻率下，起動(dong)丟步(bu)或停轉滑步(bu)。造成步(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)失(shi)步(bu)。為(wei)了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)除大(da)慣(guan)性負載(zai)(zai)引(yin)起失(shi)步(bu)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采用機(ji)械阻尼的方法，用以(yi)(yi)消(xiao)(xiao)除或吸(xi)收振蕩能(neng)量；也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過加(jia)大(da)負載(zai)(zai)的摩擦力(li)矩的方法，從而(er)(er)改善(shan)運(yun)行(xing)特性，消(xiao)(xiao)除失(shi)步(bu)。因為(wei)步(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)受控(kong)于電(dian)脈(mo)沖而(er)(er)產生步(bu)進(jin)(jin)運(yun)動(dong)，采取如上措(cuo)施能(neng)使電(dian)脈(mo)沖正常，不受干擾，從而(er)(er)消(xiao)(xiao)除電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)失(shi)步(bu)。

另一種失(shi)步可能是(shi)原采用(yong)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的而(er)(er)改(gai)(gai)為單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又未采取相應補救措施，使(shi)(shi)起動(dong)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)(jiang)低，矩頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)惡化(hua)而(er)(er)失(shi)步。當是(shi)此種原因(yin)所(suo)至，應重新恢復(fu)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。有些使(shi)(shi)用(yong)單(dan)位或部門(men)，為簡化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路采用(yong)單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)失(shi)步，這種做(zuo)法不當，要(yao)知道采用(yong)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)為了(le)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)起動(dong)和(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)兩種頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)，改(gai)(gai)善矩頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)，從而(er)(er)改(gai)(gai)善了(le)輸(shu)入(ru)步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)繞組中脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的上升沿和(he)(he)下降(jiang)(jiang)沿。用(yong)單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈(mo)沖穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)得不到(dao)維持(chi)，步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)功率(lv)(lv)相應減小，所(suo)以(yi)在驅動(dong)中相當于容(rong)量減小而(er)(er)過載，效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)(jiang)低而(er)(er)失(shi)步。采用(yong)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，用(yong)高(gao)(gao)低兩套電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，即在步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)繞組脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)入(ru)瞬(shun)間，對其施以(yi)高(gao)(gao)壓，強迫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)上升加速；池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)達到(dao)一定值(zhi)后，再改(gai)(gai)施以(yi)低壓，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)。這種措施不僅(jin)使(shi)(shi)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)容(rong)量大大減小，同(tong)時也提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，改(gai)(gai)善運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)特性(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)不會失(shi)步運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)。

2、控制繞組一相反繞，影響正常運行

當(dang)步(bu)進電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)不(bu)能正(zheng)常運行(xing)時，除上述(shu)兩種原(yuan)因影響速度或(huo)失步(bu)外，可能是(shi)定了控制繞(rao)組(zu)有一相(xiang)反接(jie)(jie)。當(dang)一相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)反接(jie)(jie)，相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)通電(dian)電(dian)流方向相(xiang)反，電(dian)流相(xiang)互抵消(xiao)，電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)在此相(xiang)內(nei)無脈沖電(dian)流，運行(xing)失常或(huo)根本不(bu)能運行(xing)。在通電(dian)情況下，檢(jian)測三相(xiang)電(dian)流就能發現。檢(jian)測出反接(jie)(jie)相(xiang)后，將(jiang)該相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)首末(mo)引(yin)出線對調，按正(zheng)確(que)接(jie)(jie)法接(jie)(jie)好，再通電(dian)運行(xing)進行(xing)電(dian)流的(de)檢(jian)測。

3、開路故障

定子控制繞組開路故障，表現為一種(zhong)是引線(xian)接(jie)頭(tou)處斷(duan)(duan)或焊(han)(han)接(jie)處全脫焊(han)(han)，或從某(mou)一匝中導線(xian)折斷(duan)(duan)；另一種(zhong)情況是導線(xian)將(jiang)斷(duan)(duan)未斷(duan)(duan)，如(ru)假焊(han)(han)、虛焊(han)(han)，或有(you)裂紋。

此(ci)故障可(ke)采用(yong)檢(jian)測普通(tong)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動機斷(duan)路方法來檢(jian)測，較方便的是(shi)用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表電(dian)(dian)阻檔(dang)來檢(jian)測，當指(zhi)針(zhen)不(bu)動或電(dian)(dian)阻很大，說明所檢(jian)測一相(xiang)繞組為(wei)開路。

修理方(fang)法是(shi)找到故障處，將斷開兩頭漆皮刮掉后(hou)擰緊再焊牢，包上絕緣(yuan)。

4、短路故障

步進(jin)電動機(ji)定子控(kong)制(zhi)繞(rao)組(zu)一般(ban)為單根導線繞(rao)制(zhi)的多(duo)匝繞(rao)組(zu)，短路也是匝間短路。檢(jian)測方法主要(yao)分以下兩步:

目測法：凡短(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)繞組因短(duan)路(lu)電流大而過熱，繞組導線絕緣層有發(fa)黑變(bian)脆的(de)(de)糊焦狀(zhuang)，凡有此種情況的(de)(de)為故(gu)障(zhang)相；

用在通(tong)電(dian)運行狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下，測量各(ge)相電(dian)流(liu)，凡電(dian)流(liu)大的相為故(gu)障(zhang)相。

故障相找到后(hou)(hou)，如果短路(lu)(lu)在端(duan)部外層，采用加(jia)(jia)熱繞組后(hou)(hou)，輕(qing)輕(qing)撬起短路(lu)(lu)匝，用薄絕緣(yuan)紙(zhi)墊好，再(zai)壓實，線(xian)圈局(ju)部加(jia)(jia)熱，再(zai)刷上1032號(hao)絕緣(yuan)漆后(hou)(hou)烘于即可(ke)；如短路(lu)(lu)嚴重(zhong)不能局(ju)部修理，只有重(zhong)繞線(xian)圈換上。

5、擊穿故障

擊穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)故(gu)障的繞組(zu)可(ke)目測出，也可(ke)用(yong)兆歐表搖測其(qi)絕緣電阻(zu)，一般擊穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)后繞組(zu)將接地，檢測相(xiang)絕緣電阻(zu)為零者，說明即擊穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)又(you)接地。

6、電源裝置故障使步進電動機不能運行

功率(lv)放大失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)，門電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)損(sun)壞及計數器(qi)(qi)失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)是常(chang)發(fa)生的。可(ke)采用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)及示波(bo)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)儀表(biao)，對照(zhao)線路(lu)逐(zhu)段檢測(ce)(ce)。如測(ce)(ce)出放大程序邏輯部分無信號或信號弱(ruo)，說明功率(lv)驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)毛(mao)病(bing)，對其應進一步檢測(ce)(ce)和排除故障至有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)信號；當電(dian)(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)未在起(qi)動(dong)位(wei)置(zhi)，門電(dian)(dian)路(lu)就開(kai)通(tong)，說明起(qi)動(dong)開(kai)關(guan)已經(jing)損(sun)壞，只有(you)更換合格的開(kai)關(guan)；如反(fan)(fan)饋信號沒有(you)，即反(fan)(fan)饋沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)壓值，說明反(fan)(fan)饋環(huan)節(jie)有(you)故障，應檢測(ce)(ce)脈(mo)沖(chong)數選器(qi)(qi)及整(zheng)形(xing)反(fan)(fan)相(xiang)環(huan)節(jie)等(deng)(deng)，找出毛(mao)病(bing)調整(zheng)至有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)反(fan)(fan)饋電(dian)(dian)壓為止(zhi)。當發(fa)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機通(tong)電(dian)(dian)順(shun)序不(bu)對，不(bu)符合設定順(shun)序，說明環(huan)形(xing)分配(pei)器(qi)(qi)失(shi)靈(ling)(ling)，因它(ta)的級數應等(deng)(deng)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的相(xiang)數，在此情況下，它(ta)才按規定邏輯給(gei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機各相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)依次通(tong)電(dian)(dian)，使之順(shun)序轉或逆轉。總之，對電(dian)(dian)源裝置(zhi)應經(jing)常(chang)檢測(ce)(ce)和調試，防止(zhi)故障出現(xian)(xian)，影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)運行。