漳州木版(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫始(shi)(shi)于宋(song)代,當(dang)時福建的刻(ke)書業開始(shi)(shi)興(xing)盛,迅速(su)帶(dai)動了民間版(ban)(ban)畫刻(ke)印(yin)技術的發展(zhan),漳州木版(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫也隨福建雕版(ban)(ban)的發展(zhan)而發展(zhan)。
明(ming)代,漳州(zhou)木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)開始(shi)走向(xiang)興(xing)盛(sheng),當(dang)時漳州(zhou)已經(jing)有“曲文齋(zhai)”“多文齋(zhai)”等(deng)(deng)多家(jia)書坊(fang)兼(jian)營(ying)(ying)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。近代學(xue)者(zhe)葉德輝在《書林清(qing)(qing)話》中稱“宋刻書之盛(sheng),首推閩中”。發展到(dao)清(qing)(qing)代,更有“胡慶堂”“俊(jun)記(ji)”“錦(jin)(jin)源堂”等(deng)(deng)12家(jia)書坊(fang)參與年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)制作經(jing)營(ying)(ying)。從(cong)而漳州(zhou)木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)藝術日(ri)趨成熟(shu)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)題材和構圖形(xing)式漸趨穩定,繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)技巧和雕版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、印制技術不斷提(ti)高(gao)。期間漳州(zhou)對外貿(mao)易港口“月港”的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起(qi),繁榮的(de)(de)(de)海上貿(mao)易,也給木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)外銷(xiao)帶(dai)來(lai)了有利條件,增進了木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)大量向(xiang)海外輸出(chu),產品遠銷(xiao)到(dao)臺灣、香港、東(dong)南亞及日(ri)本(ben)等(deng)(deng)地(di)。而當(dang)地(di)最大的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)作坊(fang),以顏(yan)氏家(jia)族的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)錦(jin)(jin)華(hua)老(lao)店(dian)為首。從(cong)早期開設的(de)(de)(de)“錦(jin)(jin)華(hua)堂”書畫(hua)(hua)(hua)作坊(fang),經(jing)過幾代傳承人的(de)(de)(de)努力(li),至(zhi)清(qing)(qing)末(mo)民國初(chu)時,基本(ben)形(xing)成了顏(yan)氏一家(jia)獨大的(de)(de)(de)格局(ju),抗戰前后,顏(yan)錦(jin)(jin)華(hua)老(lao)店(dian)成為漳州(zhou)木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)大成者(zhe)。流傳下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多漳州(zhou)木(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)精品,基本(ben)都是顏(yan)錦(jin)(jin)華(hua)老(lao)店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)珍藏版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。
20世紀初,漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)聯(lian)(lian)子(zi)街(jie)、香港路、臺(tai)灣路一(yi)帶集(ji)中了(le)大(da)(da)批年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)店,漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)“聯(lian)(lian)子(zi)街(jie)”因(yin)而(er)(er)得名。而(er)(er)后由(you)于先進(jin)的(de)西(xi)方(fang)印刷術(shu)的(de)傳(chuan)入,在(zai)社會的(de)急劇動蕩(dang)中,年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)業(ye)開始走(zou)向(xiang)衰(shuai)落(luo)。抗日戰爭時期,中國(guo)(guo)經濟衰(shuai)退(tui),又因(yin)與臺(tai)灣和東南(nan)亞(ya)失(shi)去了(le)貿易(yi)聯(lian)(lian)系,生意則比較蕭條,漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)許多術(shu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)作坊紛紛倒閉。直(zhi)至50年(nian)(nian)代尚(shang)有八九家(jia)(jia)存在(zai)。此后,漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)地區鄉間逢年(nian)(nian)過(guo)節張貼(tie)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)習俗漸漸消失(shi),木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)市(shi)(shi)場衰(shuai)弱,年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)作坊大(da)(da)多停(ting)業(ye),境況已大(da)(da)不如前。文(wen)(wen)革期間,閩南(nan)的(de)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)受到巨大(da)(da)沖擊(ji),泉(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)雕版(ban)(ban)(ban)被付之一(yi)炬,幾乎蕩(dang)然無存。而(er)(er)在(zai)漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),顏(yan)(yan)家(jia)(jia)將300多塊年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)雕版(ban)(ban)(ban)藏到鄉下,才得以保留 。1957年(nian)(nian)顏(yan)(yan)家(jia)(jia)傳(chuan)人顏(yan)(yan)家(jia)(jia)鏡印制(zhi)了(le)一(yi)套(tao)漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua),被國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)定為民(min)(min)間藝術(shu)品赴(fu)蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)東歐各(ge)國(guo)(guo)展覽;1986年(nian)(nian)顏(yan)(yan)文(wen)(wen)華又印制(zhi)了(le)一(yi)套(tao)古(gu)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua),參加福建民(min)(min)間美展晉(jin)京展;1988年(nian)(nian)在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)間美術(shu)工作大(da)(da)會上得到與會專家(jia)(jia)們高度贊(zan)賞;1990年(nian)(nian)載入《中國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)間藝術(shu)大(da)(da)辭典(dian)》。 2001年(nian)(nian)漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)藝術(shu)館館長林育培所撰《漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)間木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)初探》一(yi)文(wen)(wen)榮獲第十一(yi)屆“群星獎”(群眾(zhong)文(wen)(wen)化科研成果評獎)金獎。
2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue),漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)列入第一批國家(jia)(jia)級非(fei)物質文化遺產名(ming)錄(lu)。同年(nian)(nian)(nian),漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州顏(yan)氏木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)第五、六代傳人(ren)——顏(yan)文華和顏(yan)仕(shi)國父子(zi)共同創辦了漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州顏(yan)錦華木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)館,并用家(jia)(jia)藏老版(ban)、傳統技法繼續印制和銷售木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)18日,《漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)》特(te)種郵(you)票(piao)首發式暨中國2009世界郵(you)展60城市巡郵(you)到漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州。直(zhi)接以地域命名(ming)的《漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州木(mu)(mu)版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)》郵(you)票(piao)是繼1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)《水仙花》之后(hou),漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州市第二次登上“國家(jia)(jia)名(ming)片” 。
漳(zhang)州木版年畫(hua)的(de)品種很多(duo),從(cong)形式上(shang)看,有不(bu)同類(lei)別(bie)的(de)各種門畫(hua)、門頂畫(hua)、中堂畫(hua),有欣賞用的(de)獨幅畫(hua)、連環畫(hua)等。
門畫(hua)(hua)(hua)如(ru):《天官賜福》《加冠(guan)進(jin)祿(lu)》《簪花晉爵》《神荼郁壘》《秦瓊敬德》《添丁進(jin)財》等(deng)等(deng);門頂畫(hua)(hua)(hua)如(ru):《八卦》《獅街劍》《五虎抱錢》;中堂畫(hua)(hua)(hua)如(ru):《福祿(lu)壽(shou)喜春(chun)》《和(he)合仙(xian)(xian)》《三仙(xian)(xian)姑》《招財王石宗(zong)》《春(chun)招財子》《連(lian)招貴子》《百子千孫(sun)》等(deng);布置居(ju)室的(de)獨幅畫(hua)(hua)(hua)、連(lian)環畫(hua)(hua)(hua)如(ru)《郭子儀拜壽(shou)》《孟姜(jiang)女前后本》等(deng)。
而門畫(hua)又(you)(you)(you)有(you)粗幼(you)(you)神、文(wen)武(wu)神之(zhi)別。“粗神”指的(de)(de)是以大紅(hong)(hong)或(huo)朱紅(hong)(hong)紙(zhi)為(wei)底加以印制的(de)(de)門畫(hua);“幼(you)(you)神”是直接以本(ben)色紙(zhi)印制,其人物背(bei)景的(de)(de)淡紅(hong)(hong)色,亦(yi)是木版年(nian)畫(hua)藝人自己(ji)調制套印而成,無須預先(xian)送(song)(song)染(ran)紙(zhi)房(fang)染(ran)過。而不(bu)論(lun)是粗神或(huo)幼(you)(you)神,只要門畫(hua)畫(hua)面(mian)上的(de)(de)人物沒有(you)騎馬或(huo)插(cha)旗(qi)的(de)(de),則又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)其為(wei)“文(wen)神”;反之(zhi)即“武(wu)神”。如(ru)《秦瓊敬德》《騎馬天仙(xian)送(song)(song)子》《連招財子》等(deng),其文(wen)、武(wu)類別各異(yi)。此(ci)外,各種(zhong)年(nian)畫(hua)又(you)(you)(you)有(you)開本(ben)大小之(zhi)分(fen),如(ru)大割(ge)(ge)、二割(ge)(ge)、三(san)割(ge)(ge)、四割(ge)(ge)、六割(ge)(ge)等(deng)數種(zhong)不(bu)同規(gui)格。
漳(zhang)州木版年畫(hua)藝術技(ji)法和(he)(he)工藝過程獨具一格,其雕版線(xian)條粗(cu)細(xi)迥異、剛柔相濟,以挺健黑(hei)線(xian)為(wei)主。用(yong)(yong)色(se)追求簡明對比,印(yin)(yin)制采用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)版分(fen)(fen)色(se)手工套印(yin)(yin),稱為(wei)“飾版”。所(suo)用(yong)(yong)顏料分(fen)(fen)水質和(he)(he)粉質兩種,有大紅、淡紅、黑(hei)以及本色(se)紙諸種。漳(zhang)州年畫(hua)構圖(tu)大方,造(zao)型夸張,特別是用(yong)(yong)黑(hei)紙印(yin)(yin)制的年畫(hua),為(wei)其他地區罕見。
漳州木版(ban)(ban)年畫的(de)雕版(ban)(ban)分陽版(ban)(ban)和(he)陰(yin)版(ban)(ban)兩種,印制(zhi)“幼神”人物(wu)背景色(紅)的(de)版(ban)(ban)為陰(yin)版(ban)(ban),這種陰(yin)版(ban)(ban)的(de)刻法和(he)用法為中國所(suo)(suo)獨有(you)。雕版(ban)(ban)上所(suo)(suo)有(you)線條和(he)色塊的(de)邊緣都是(shi)向外傾斜(xie)的(de),這便于印制(zhi)時(shi)調節水分。印制(zhi)時(shi)采用版(ban)(ban)套印,先色版(ban)(ban)后黑線條版(ban)(ban)。
隨(sui)著(zhu)社會變革的(de)(de)深入,傳(chuan)統(tong)意識逐漸消除,民間(jian)(jian)民俗活(huo)動因之而(er)發生變化,依托于(yu)地方(fang)民俗的(de)(de)漳州(zhou)木板(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)觀賞性增強,而(er)趨吉(ji)避邪的(de)(de)實用性減(jian)弱,由此造成年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)市場(chang)的(de)(de)蕭條(tiao)。隨(sui)著(zhu)原來民間(jian)(jian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)市場(chang)的(de)(de)萎縮,從事漳州(zhou)木板(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)生產的(de)(de)人員大(da)大(da)減(jian)少。面(mian)對木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)境況,漳州(zhou)市文化部(bu)門也(ye)多次呼吁,希望(wang)有關(guan)部(bu)門劃撥場(chang)地搶(qiang)救木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),收藏雕版(ban)。
顏氏家族木版年畫傳承人顏仕(shi)國認為(wei),雖(sui)然(ran)現代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)印刷技術(shu)日臻完善,但手(shou)工印刷那種(zhong)古樸(pu)、粗獷的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)風(feng)格(ge)卻是(shi)難以(yi)替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)。年畫是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)祈求,一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾,更是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)民俗(su)(su)。如今隨(sui)著時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發展和民間(jian)風(feng)俗(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)改變,木版年畫作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)藝術(shu)裝(zhuang)飾品的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)價(jia)值是(shi)無可替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)。只要(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)(xin)挖(wa)掘它的(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)價(jia)值,并賦予新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)內涵,木版年畫仍然(ran)能夠受到(dao)社會的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)(xin)認同。
漳(zhang)州民(min)間(jian)木版年畫(hua)的學術價值(zhi)在(zai)于它的出(chu)現使(shi)學術界弄清了臺(tai)灣(wan)木版年畫(hua)與(yu)漳(zhang)州木版年畫(hua)的淵源關系,它在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)的民(min)間(jian)藝術中(zhong),是南方(fang)民(min)間(jian)木版年畫(hua)里具有粗(cu)獷和秀麗(li)兼長的獨特品(pin)種。