穆棱市(shi)(shi)位于(yu)黑龍江(jiang)省東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南部,地(di)(di)理坐標(biao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)經129°45′09″-130°08′30″,北緯(wei)44°15′00″-45°07′16″。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南部與(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)寧縣(xian)相連(lian),西南與(yu)牡丹江(jiang)市(shi)(shi)、寧安接壤,西和(he)林口(kou)縣(xian)毗鄰,北和(he)雞(ji)西市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)界(jie),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北與(yu)雞(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)縣(xian)連(lian)接。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北部與(yu)俄羅斯有長約44公(gong)里國境線,全(quan)市(shi)(shi)轄6鎮(zhen)3鄉141個行政村,行政區域面積(ji)(ji)6673平方公(gong)里,總人口(kou)32萬(wan),全(quan)市(shi)(shi)耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)130751.6公(gong)頃,人均(jun)耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)0.41公(gong)頃,保護(hu)總面積(ji)(ji)84250公(gong)頃。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
(1)外在感觀特征: 曬后為紅(hong)黃色、油(you)份足、葉片較(jiao)薄,填充力(li)強、彈(dan)性(xing)好、香氣較(jiao)足、煙勁中等、刺(ci)激性(xing)小、產量中。
(2)內在的品(pin)質指標(biao):煙(yan)(yan)葉具有化(hua)學(xue)指標(biao)波(bo)動性小,內在質量穩定,燃(ran)燒(shao)性好(hao)(hao),陰(yin)燃(ran)時間長(chang),配伍性好(hao)(hao),可用性強(qiang),煙(yan)(yan)葉安(an)全性高,無殘毒、無農(nong)藥(yao)殘留,是生產復合型卷煙(yan)(yan)的可靠煙(yan)(yan)葉原(yuan)料:煙(yan)(yan)堿(jian)含量在2.5%,還原(yuan)糖5.36g/100g、粗蛋白19.88%、總糖6.06g/100g、氯0.5%、磷0.23%、氮(dan)3.18%,鉀(jia)18409mg/kg,煙(yan)(yan)質好(hao)(hao)。(3)安(an)全要求(qiu):穆棱曬煙(yan)(yan)嚴格按照(NY5109-2005)標(biao)準執行。
五.特定生產方式
(1)品種(zhong)選(xuan)擇:龍煙(yan)(yan)(yan)二號、龍煙(yan)(yan)(yan)四(si)號、穆(mu)棱大護脖香(xiang)、腰嶺煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、柳毛煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、紅巖煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、楊木村大葉黃(huang)、富強煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、梨樹溝煙(yan)(yan)(yan)為主(zhu)栽品種(zhong)。
(2)農時指標(biao):推廣工廠化(hua)育苗,苗期55天(tian)左右(you),大田(tian)生長(chang)期90天(tian)左右(you),要求在3月(yue)5日(ri)-10日(ri)扣完大棚,備好營養土,4月(yue)5日(ri)-10日(ri)播籽,4月(yue)25日(ri)-30日(ri)假植。移栽前(qian)煉(lian)苗5-7天(tian),保證壯苗下地,5月(yue)20日(ri)-30日(ri)移栽大田(tian),畝(mu)保苗1600株
(3)育苗技術:
3.1育苗設施(shi)的準(zhun)備:曬煙(yan)育苗在我市有二種:一是(shi)高(gao)效日光節(jie)能溫(wen)室育苗,扣棚時間在3月5-10日,這種育苗設施(shi)保溫(wen)性(xing)好,透光性(xing)強(qiang),溫(wen)、濕度易于控制,是(shi)統一育苗的首選設施(shi)。二是(shi)塑料大(da)棚育苗,扣棚時間在3月初,塑料大(da)棚保溫(wen)性(xing)差,必(bi)需采用多層覆蓋提高(gao)棚內溫(wen)度,采用離地床(chuang)防止(zhi)地溫(wen)低造(zao)成(cheng)的煙(yan)苗漚根現象的發生(sheng)。
3.2育(yu)苗設施(shi)的(de)消(xiao)毒:育(yu)苗設施(shi)在播種前必須進(jin)行徹底的(de)消(xiao)毒處理。一是用(yong)配(pei)制(zhi)好的(de)4%濃(nong)度的(de)甲醛(quan)(quan)溶液噴霧(wu)消(xiao)毒;二(er)是用(yong)高錳酸鉀和甲醛(quan)(quan)混合,用(yong)其產生的(de)氣體消(xiao)毒;三是用(yong)百菌清(qing)煙霧(wu)劑(ji)消(xiao)毒。
3.3營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)配(pei)制:營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)要求疏松通透、營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)豐富(fu),一坰地需母床(chuang)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)0.15-0.2立方米,子床(chuang)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)2.5立方米。營(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)配(pei)方:
①50%-70%山坡腐(fu)(fu)殖土+30%-50%腐(fu)(fu)熟(shu)陳年的豬圈糞。
②30%草碳土+40%山(shan)坡腐殖土+30%腐熟陳(chen)年的豬圈(quan)糞。
③70%質地良(liang)好通(tong)透性好的(de)(de)退耕還林土(tu)(tu)+30%腐(fu)熟(shu)陳年的(de)(de)豬圈(quan)糞。不能用(yong)作營養土(tu)(tu)有(you)以下(xia)幾(ji)種:一是(shi)前年是(shi)瓜菜和(he)同科(ke)作物的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤,二是(shi)前茬是(shi)大豆、玉(yu)米及施(shi)用(yong)過除草(cao)劑(ji)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu),三是(shi)腐(fu)質層下(xia)面的(de)(de)生(sheng)土(tu)(tu),四是(shi)沒有(you)發酵(jiao)好的(de)(de)農家肥和(he)人糞尿,五是(shi)池塘(tang)(tang)或魚塘(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)。
3.4營(ying)(ying)養土的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du):一是蒸(zheng)氣藥劑消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)結合法:母(mu)床(chuang)用(yong)土分兩部(bu)分,表層5cm左(zuo)右用(yong)蒸(zheng)氣消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du),去除母(mu)床(chuang)用(yong)土中的(de)(de)(de)雜草又能(neng)保(bao)證營(ying)(ying)養土養份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)均衡。二是藥劑消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)法:用(yong)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)惡霉靈,3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)普力克,600倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)天威5號,500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)敵克松進(jin)行營(ying)(ying)養土消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)。
3.5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)理:一是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)消毒:將精選的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)裝入(ru)布(bu)袋中,放入(ru)8%濃度的磷酸三(san)鈉溶(rong)液中,揉搓不(bu)超過(guo)(guo)20分鐘,邊脫膠邊消毒。二是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催芽:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)放入(ru)水(shui)(shui)中進(jin)行(xing)吸(xi)(xi)收水(shui)(shui)分,浸泡12小(xiao)時吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)量達種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)重量30%停止吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)入(ru)萌(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)狀(zhuang)態,在(zai)浸泡過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,進(jin)行(xing)搓種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)理,直至水(shui)(shui)色變為(wei)淡黃(huang)色為(wei)止,甩(shuai)凈水(shui)(shui),放在(zai)器皿(min)內催芽。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽前期(qi)對光(guang)照非常敏(min)感,每天光(guang)照時間不(bu)少(shao)于(yu)(yu)4小(xiao)時,每天換(huan)一次(ci)水(shui)(shui),但種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)內水(shui)(shui)份不(bu)應(ying)過(guo)(guo)大,否則(ze)不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的萌(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽的最(zui)佳(jia)溫度是(shi)25℃-28℃,最(zui)低(di)溫度是(shi)15℃,超過(guo)(guo)28℃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽率降低(di),低(di)于(yu)(yu)18℃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽緩慢。
3.6播(bo)(bo)種(zhong):一是播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)時間(jian):4月5日-4月10日,每公(gong)頃用(yong)種(zhong)5克(ke),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)面積(ji)2平方米;二(er)是播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方法:采用(yong)沙播(bo)(bo)法,將發芽的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)放在消(xiao)毒后(hou)的(de)(de)細(xi)沙中,拌勻(yun)后(hou)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)采用(yong)2-3次撒(sa)播(bo)(bo),以利于種(zhong)子(zi)分(fen)布均勻(yun),實現苗(miao)齊、苗(miao)壯;三(san)是播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)要求:播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前將苗(miao)床(chuang)澆足水,使營(ying)養土(tu)處于濕(shi)潤狀態,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后(hou),苗(miao)床(chuang)表(biao)面覆(fu)蓋1mm經過消(xiao)毒的(de)(de)細(xi)土(tu)(覆(fu)土(tu)厚度以不(bu)露砂(sha)粒為(wei)宜),然(ran)后(hou)蓋上一層地膜,以利于保水、保溫,待2-3天(tian)70%出苗(miao)后(hou),立即把(ba)地膜揭去(qu)。
3.7苗(miao)(miao)床管理:一(yi)是溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du):煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)長的最適溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)25℃-28℃,苗(miao)(miao)床期(qi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)白天(tian)控制(zhi)在25℃-30℃,超過30℃及時(shi)放風降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen),夜(ye)(ye)間溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)控制(zhi)在15℃-18℃之間,溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過低煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)長緩慢,易出(chu)現漚根(gen)(gen)等(deng)病害的發生(sheng)(sheng),夜(ye)(ye)間溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過高(gao),不利(li)于(yu)干(gan)物質的積(ji)累,易出(chu)現高(gao)腳苗(miao)(miao)即徒長苗(miao)(miao);二(er)是水(shui)(shui)分:出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)保持苗(miao)(miao)床表(biao)面濕潤(run),發現局部(bu)干(gan)旱(han)要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)補水(shui)(shui),煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao)出(chu)齊后,要(yao)(yao)根(gen)(gen)據苗(miao)(miao)床水(shui)(shui)分狀況澆水(shui)(shui),作(zuo)到“見(jian)干(gan)見(jian)濕”促進煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)(gen);三是光(guang)照(zhao)“苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)充分利(li)用光(guang)照(zhao),盡量(liang)增加光(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)間,提高(gao)育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)棚(室)內溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du),減少育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)棚內溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)。
3.8假(jia)(jia)植:一是(shi)假(jia)(jia)植棚準備:根據種植曬煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)積,來(lai)確定假(jia)(jia)植棚面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)大小,1畝(mu)地煙(yan)(yan)田需4平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)(de)假(jia)(jia)植面(mian)(mian)積,假(jia)(jia)植棚應(ying)在4月15日前扣完,以利于(yu)(yu)棚內(nei)地溫(wen)的(de)(de)提高;二是(shi)假(jia)(jia)植時間:4月25-4月30日,煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)真葉(xie)和子(zi)葉(xie)成“十”字型時進行假(jia)(jia)植;三是(shi)假(jia)(jia)植方(fang)法(fa):將配制(zhi)好的(de)(de)營養(yang)土裝入(ru)塑料育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)盤(pan)(pan),把(ba)育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)盤(pan)(pan)澆(jiao)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui),假(jia)(jia)植時先在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)盤(pan)(pan)孔(kong)穴的(de)(de)營養(yang)土中心扎與煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)根大小相同的(de)(de)孔(kong),然(ran)后植入(ru)煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)封土,噴少量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(營養(yang)土配制(zhi)和消毒同母床(chuang));四是(shi)假(jia)(jia)植期溫(wen)濕度管理:假(jia)(jia)植期最適(shi)溫(wen)度25℃-28℃,夜間溫(wen)度不(bu)(bu)低于(yu)(yu)12℃,白天(tian)溫(wen)度不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)30℃,假(jia)(jia)植緩苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后,使煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)處于(yu)(yu)干濕交替狀態,促進煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生根,煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)進入(ru)成苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期,需水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)增加,要及時澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui),澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)時間在上午9-10時,不(bu)(bu)要在下午澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui),更不(bu)(bu)能直(zhi)接用(yong)井水(shui)(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao);五是(shi)追肥(fei):苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期如果(guo)生長緩慢,應(ying)適(shi)量(liang)(liang)追肥(fei),采用(yong)煙(yan)(yan)草專用(yong)葉(xie)面(mian)(mian)肥(fei)或其它葉(xie)面(mian)(mian)肥(fei)噴施,促進煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生長;六是(shi)煉(lian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao):在移栽前5-7天(tian)開始(shi)煉(lian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao),采取控水(shui)(shui)(shui)、通(tong)風的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),使煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)逐漸適(shi)應(ying)外界環境。
(4)整地與施肥:
4.1煙(yan)(yan)地選擇:選擇土壤疏松(song)、通(tong)透性(xing)強、排(pai)水良好(hao),PH值5.5—6.5左右,肥(fei)力(li)中上(shang)等的暗棕壤、河淤土地塊種煙(yan)(yan),前茬最(zui)好(hao)是谷(gu)類作物或玉(yu)米茬。
4.2起(qi)壟(long)標準(zhun):發揮(hui)農機(ji)合作社的作用,利用大型機(ji)械(xie)進行深松、淺翻、起(qi)壟(long)、夾肥、鎮壓;壟(long)距(ju)80厘(li)米(mi),壟(long)高20厘(li)米(mi)-25厘(li)米(mi)。提倡秋(qiu)翻整地(di),達(da)到(dao)滅茬、增(zeng)肥、滅菌、保(bao)墑的效果,春整地(di)起(qi)壟(long)必須在5月(yue)20日前(qian)完成。提倡集(ji)中連片(pian),有利于煙(yan)水配套設施(shi)的建(jian)設。
4.3施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原則:根(gen)據測土(tu)配(pei)方確(que)定氮、磷、鉀比例為1:1:2,統一使用煙(yan)葉專(zhuan)用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以多施(shi)(shi)(shi)農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,禁止使用人糞、尿和尿素。每畝地使用專(zhuan)用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)100斤左(zuo)(zuo)右,餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20-30斤。農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和70%煙(yan)草(cao)專(zhuan)用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)打壟時(shi)做(zuo)為基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入,深度(du)15厘米左(zuo)(zuo)右;30%專(zhuan)用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)做(zuo)口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栽煙(yan)時(shi)穴施(shi)(shi)(shi);對(dui)脫肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)煙(yan)田、長勢不齊的煙(yan)田及時(shi)追(zhui)硝(xiao)酸鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),在(zai)曬煙(yan)生長的中后(hou)期根(gen)據田間長勢結合(he)病蟲害防治及時(shi)噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)葉面肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)及微(wei)量元素肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),促進煙(yan)葉生長、成熟。
(5)田間管理:
5.1移栽時間(jian):5月20日至5月31日穆棱河(he)沿岸(an)高(gao)積溫區(qu)的煙田移栽全部結束,低(di)積溫區(qu)的偏遠(yuan)村屯在6月5日結束。
5.2移栽(zai)密度(du):根據土壤肥力、地勢、種植(zhi)(zhi)品種、留葉數(shu)多(duo)少等因素,推行寬行窄株(zhu)的種植(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式,規定壟距80厘米(mi)、株(zhu)距50厘米(mi),每(mei)標(biao)準畝定植(zhi)(zhi)1600株(zhu)左右。種植(zhi)(zhi)密度(du)過(guo)大,中下部葉片的光合作用、通風條件差,病害易發生。
5.3移(yi)栽的(de)方(fang)法:移(yi)栽時必須刨大埯(an)、捧心栽(防凍),帶水、帶肥、帶藥,防治地下蟲害,改變等雨栽煙(yan)的(de)傳統習(xi)慣,每畝地定植(zhi)10%的(de)備補苗,以便查(cha)田補苗。
5.4鏟趟方法:提倡栽(zai)后一犁(li)土,達到提高地溫保墑的效(xiao)果,在(zai)小團(tuan)棵(ke)期進行(xing)第(di)二次(ci)鏟趟,在(zai)大團(tuan)棵(ke)期進行(xing)第(di)三次(ci)鏟趟并及(ji)時追肥。
5.5打(da)頂(ding)抹杈:及時(shi)打(da)頂(ding)抹杈,合(he)(he)理留葉(xie)(xie),增(zeng)加(jia)有效葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian),大(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)黃(huang)、紅巖(yan)煙(yan)、農安煙(yan)應留12-14片(pian)(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)。提倡現蕾打(da)頂(ding),50%以上花(hua)蕾長(chang)到3—4厘米時(shi),將花(hua)蕾、花(hua)梗連同下(xia)面的3—4片(pian)(pian)(pian)小葉(xie)(xie)一起打(da)掉,使煙(yan)株(zhu)上中下(xia)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)一樣大(da)(da),煙(yan)株(zhu)成(cheng)筒形,有利于光合(he)(he)作用(yong)(yong)和通(tong)風。打(da)頂(ding)后及時(shi)采用(yong)(yong)滅芽(ya)(ya)靈藥物抑(yi)芽(ya)(ya),減少煙(yan)芽(ya)(ya)的生長(chang),促(cu)進(jin)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的生長(chang)及成(cheng)熟。
5.6煙(yan)(yan)水配(pei)套:曬煙(yan)(yan)主產區配(pei)備煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)水利設備,以(yi)噴灌(guan)(guan)和滴灌(guan)(guan)為主,達到旱能灌(guan)(guan)、澇(lao)能排。有條件的(de)煙(yan)(yan)區在團棵期(qi)至旺長期(qi)進行灌(guan)(guan)溉,提高(gao)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)質量。
5.7病(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)治:采取農(nong)業(ye)綜合措(cuo)施,合理進(jin)行輪作倒茬(cha),減輕病(bing)害(hai)發生(sheng)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)輪作方式是與玉米(mi)等禾(he)本科作物輪作。加強病(bing)蟲害(hai)預測(ce)預報,及時掌握蟲口密度,發布病(bing)蟲害(hai)預警情報;在(zai)有條件的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)開展統(tong)防(fang)統(tong)治。按照農(nong)藥安全合作標(biao)準和農(nong)藥合理使用(yong)準則的(de)(de)要求(qiu)進(jin)行,積極推廣生(sheng)物防(fang)治,合理進(jin)行化學防(fang)治。 藥劑防(fang)治應遵循的(de)(de)原則:
a嚴格(ge)執行國家有(you)關規定,禁止使用高(gao)毒(du)、高(gao)殘(can)留、高(gao)生物富集性、高(gao)三致(zhi)(致(zhi)毒(du)、致(zhi)癌(ai)、致(zhi)突(tu)變)的農(nong)(nong)藥及其混配農(nong)(nong)藥,不使用未核(he)準登記的農(nong)(nong)藥。
b使用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑防治時,要嚴格執(zhi)行國家標準中農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)合理使用(yong)準則(ze)和規(gui)定的施用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)量、施藥(yao)(yao)次數,使用(yong)經農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)檢測合格的農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。
c嚴格執行農(nong)(nong)藥使用(yong)的最高殘(can)留量,使用(yong)限次和(he)安(an)全間隔(ge)期。科學(xue)使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥的方法(fa):認(ren)準病蟲害的種(zhong)類,有針(zhen)對性地使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥,掌握病蟲害的發生規律,在(zai)最佳防(fang)治期及時(shi)防(fang)治;嚴格掌握農(nong)(nong)藥的使用(yong)劑量和(he)方法(fa),科學(xue)合(he)理地混配農(nong)(nong)藥。
d普及(ji)科學施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)技術:在曬煙生產(chan)中(zhong),增施(shi)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),發展有(you)機(ji)復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),注重N、P、K肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)配合施(shi)用(yong)。禁止使(shi)用(yong)未經(jing)無害化處理(li)的(de)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和其(qi)他有(you)毒肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)。肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)及(ji)管理(li):使(shi)用(yong)商品肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)經(jing)技術人員認(ren)可(ke),或到(dao)指定(ding)的(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)供應點購買(mai)。使(shi)用(yong)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)必須符合技術規程中(zhong)的(de)要求。 安(an)(an)全施(shi)用(yong)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)要求:根據具體情況,調整施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量,做到(dao)經(jing)濟合理(li)的(de)施(shi)用(yong)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);嚴格執行氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)用(yong)安(an)(an)全間隔(ge)期,禁止追施(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);推廣“控氮、穩(wen)磷、增鉀(jia)”的(de)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)模式。
(6)產品收獲:曬煙(yan)完(wan)全成熟時,分2-3次分層采收。
(7)生產記(ji)錄要求:要求農戶在種植過程中,對使用(yong)的(de)農藥(yao)、化肥的(de)名稱、劑型規格、使用(yong)方(fang)法(fa)、使用(yong)時間、每次用(yong)量、全年(nian)使用(yong)次數、末(mo)次使用(yong)時間有詳(xiang)細記(ji)錄。
六(liu).包裝標識相關規定
(1)包(bao)裝(zhuang):采用麻袋片(pian)包(bao)裝(zhuang),每包(bao)凈重50公斤(jin),用于(yu)包(bao)裝(zhuang)的麻袋片(pian)整潔(jie)、干燥、牢固、透(tou)氣、無污染、無異味(wei).
(2)標(biao)識:標(biao)志使(shi)用人(ren)應在其產品(pin)或其包(bao)裝上統一使(shi)用農產品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志。
(3)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu):裝卸運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)中(zhong)應快運(yun)(yun)、輕裝輕放、運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)途中(zhong)應防(fang)暴雨淋。運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)散裝煙時,運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)工具(ju)的底部(bu)及四周與煙葉接觸的地(di)方(fang)應加鋪墊物,以防(fang)機械損傷。運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)用(yong)的車輛、工具(ju)、鋪墊物、防(fang)雨設(she)施等(deng),應清潔、衛生、干燥、無污(wu)染、不得與其他有毒有害物品混裝混運(yun)(yun)。
(4)貯藏:貯存時(shi)宜在通風、陰(yin)涼、清潔衛(wei)生的(de)場所進行,堆碼整齊,防止擠壓損傷,防日曬、雨淋、有毒有害(hai)物質(zhi)的(de)污染。