概述
上海真如寺也叫普陀真如寺。真(zhen)如寺位(wei)于上(shang)(shang)海(hai)普(pu)陀區(qu)真(zhen)如鎮(zhen)街道,占地近20畝(mu),建(jian)筑面(mian)積1370平方米,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)著名(ming)的佛寺,原名(ming)“萬壽寺”,俗稱“大廟”,全國(guo)文物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei)。上(shang)(shang)海(hai)普(pu)陀區(qu)境(jing)內,歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)曾有不(bu)少(shao)寺廟,但絕(jue)大多數(shu)都已廢毀,留存下來的寺廟,以真(zhen)如寺為(wei)建(jian)寺最早、影響最深(shen)。
南宋(song)嘉定年(nian)間(1208-1224年(nian)),和(he)尚(shang)永安建(jian)真(zhen)(zhen)如院(yuan)于(yu)官場(今(jin)大場附近(jin))。元延祐七年(nian)(1320年(nian)),妙心和(he)尚(shang)將其(qi)移至(zhi)桃(tao)浦、梨園浜交匯處(chu)東北側今(jin)址,改名為真(zhen)(zhen)如寺(si)。寺(si)名乃取自佛(fo)經《成唯識論》里的(de)解釋(shi):“真(zhen)(zhen),謂真(zhen)(zhen)實,顯非虛妄;如,謂如常(chang),表無變(bian)易。謂此(ci)真(zhen)(zhen)如,于(yu)一(yi)切位,常(chang)如其(qi)性,故(gu)曰真(zhen)(zhen)如。”寺(si)內橫梁(liang)對聯有(you)“佛(fo)日增(zeng)輝崇盛世群咸悟真(zhen)(zhen)如”之句,點出了寺(si)名的(de)來歷。
真如寺遷建(jian)(jian)以后(hou),因香火旺(wang)盛,寺前出現市集,緣寺得名,稱真如市。隨著集鎮的(de)(de)(de)發展,位于(yu)鎮北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)真如寺也不斷擴(kuo)大(da)(da)。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(大(da)(da)雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))四周(zhou)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)了許(xu)多偏殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)佛閣(ge),清末(mo)時(shi),東(dong)(dong)廡有(you)(you)送子觀音(yin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),西(xi)廡有(you)(you)十王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、痘司殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寺前有(you)(you)韋馱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、鄂王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、魯(lu)班殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、財神殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、北(bei)方(fang)(fang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寺后(hou)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)悲殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、文昌殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、西(xi)方(fang)(fang)境等,形成了規模較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)寺廟建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。清咸豐十年(nian)(1860年(nian))太平軍東(dong)(dong)進時(shi),除正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外大(da)(da)部分(fen)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)被毀。
建于元代的(de)真如(ru)寺正殿(dian),面寬、進(jin)深皆(jie)三間(jian),內部構造極復雜,歷代屢經修葺(qi)。明(ming)洪武年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1368年(nian)(nian)-1398年(nian)(nian))僧人(ren)道馨及(ji)弘志年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1488-1505年(nian)(nian))僧人(ren)法雷(lei)曾兩次重修,清(qing)光緒二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(1894年(nian)(nian))又由楊耀文、甘(gan)士霖等發(fa)起,同上海壽圣庵(an)僧人(ren)念岸、念倫聯(lian)合發(fa)起募捐修寺活(huo)動,對原大(da)殿(dian)進(jin)行(xing)大(da)修。現(xian)存梁、柱、枋斗拱等主體結構以及(ji)大(da)部分構件皆(jie)為元代原物,是我國佛(fo)教寺院中為數很(hen)少(shao)保存下來的(de)元代建筑。
“文(wen)革”期(qi)間停止宗教(jiao)活動(dong),寺內佛(fo)像均被毀損。
1979年,上海市文物保管(guan)委員會對(dui)該寺大修(xiu),發現殿內額底(di)部(bu)寫(xie)有(you)“時大元歲次庚(geng)申延祐七年癸未季夏月(yue)乙巳二十一日巽時鼎(ding)建(jian)”字樣,因(yin)此確定真(zhen)如寺殿為(wei)元代建(jian)筑而列為(wei)保護建(jian)筑。
歷史追溯
1)明清期間
明清期(qi)間(jian)(jian),在該寺正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)四周又(you)(you)陸(lu)續興建了(le)許多(duo)偏(pian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)樓閣(ge):東廡(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)送子觀音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian);西廡(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)十(shi)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、痘司(si)殿(dian)(dian)(dian);寺東有(you)(you)(you)(you)東岳行(xing)宮(gong)、忠顯王殿(dian)(dian)(dian);寺西有(you)(you)(you)(you)城隍行(xing)宮(gong)、地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian);寺前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)韋馱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、鄂王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、魯班殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、財神殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、北方殿(dian)(dian)(dian);寺后有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)悲閣(ge)、文昌(chang)閣(ge)、西方境(jing)等(deng),形成規(gui)模頗大(da)的(de)寺廟建筑群(qun)。該寺正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)曾歷經修葺,明洪(hong)武(wu)年間(jian)(jian)及(ji)弘治年間(jian)(jian),僧道馨、法雷2次重修。清光緒(xu)二十(shi)年(1894年)又(you)(you)由真(zhen)如(ru)鎮米商楊氏發起(qi),同(tong)上海(hai)壽圣庵僧念岸、念倫募錢(qian)1.5萬緡(千文),將(jiang)單檐(yan)3間(jian)(jian)改成雙(shuang)檐(yan)5間(jian)(jian),原梁架等(deng)主(zhu)體結構仍保留元代款式,兩側楹聯:東為“佛(fo)日光輝崇盛世群(qun)生咸悟(wu)真(zhen)如(ru)”,西為“皇風祥輯衍(yan)遐齡萬姓同(tong)躋仁壽”。該寺韋馱殿(dian)(dian)(dian),據洪(hong)復章《真(zhen)如(ru)里志》載:“元至順三年,平(ping)江路(lu)嘉定州僧嗣文創(chuang)建,明正(zheng)德八年僧法雷重建。清乾隆三年里人陸(lu)偉功(gong)重修,乾隆四十(shi)年陸(lu)偉功(gong)、陸(lu)茂(mao)功(gong)捐資同(tong)修。”殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內著(zhu)名的(de)銅彌勒佛(fo)系明代所制,銅佛(fo)背后鐫(juan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“明乙酉年住山比丘回聞募鑄。”太平(ping)天國及(ji)抗日戰爭時(shi)期(qi),幾經戰火(huo),配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)附屬建筑大(da)多(duo)被毀,僅存長、寬(kuan)各20米的(de)正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(大(da)雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian))1座(zuo)。
2)解放后
解(jie)放后(hou),正(zheng)殿(dian)獨(du)存,殿(dian)內釋(shi)迦牟尼(ni)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)和寺前(qian)原韋馱殿(dian)的銅彌勒(le)(le)佛(fo)(fo)尚在。1950年(nian)10月(yue),市政府曾撥款維修正(zheng)殿(dian)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang),并(bing)將(jiang)鋼彌勒(le)(le)佛(fo)(fo)設欄保護(hu)。1959年(nian)5月(yue),被定為(wei)市級文物保護(hu)單(dan)位。1963年(nian)重修,正(zheng)殿(dian)仍恢復元代單(dan)檐式樣(yang)。“文化大革(ge)命”中(zhong),殿(dian)內檀木(mu)釋(shi)迦牟尼(ni)等佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)和銅彌勒(le)(le)佛(fo)(fo)被毀,許多珍貴碑刻文物被砸。
1979年(nian),真(zhen)如(ru)(ru)寺進行維修,正殿(dian)內額枋底部仍保留“大(da)元(yuan)歲(sui)次(ci)庚申延佑七年(nian)癸未季夏月己巳(si)二十乙日巽時鼎(ding)建”雙鉤(gou)陰刻墨(mo)字(zi),為(wei)該寺建造年(nian)代(dai)的(de)佐(zuo)證。江南地(di)(di)區(qu)現(xian)存(cun)的(de)元(yuan)代(dai)建筑物極(ji)少(shao),除真(zhen)如(ru)(ru)寺外,僅有(you)(you)蘇州三清殿(dian),吳縣軒轅(yuan)宮(gong)和金(jin)華天寧寺3處(chu)。真(zhen)如(ru)(ru)大(da)殿(dian)共有(you)(you)木柱(zhu)16根(gen),每根(gen)木柱(zhu)的(de)地(di)(di)基,用(yong)黃(huang)土(tu)和鐵渣分層夯(hang)筑而成,闊(kuo)1.8米(mi),長(chang)3米(mi),深1.8~2米(mi);各柱(zhu)地(di)(di)基,以木相(xiang)連,為(wei)古(gu)建筑所罕見,是宋(song)元(yuan)建筑的(de)重要特征。在歷次(ci)重修時,還發現(xian)柱(zhu)子、梁枋、斗拱等各項構件的(de)背面及(ji)接榫處(chu),留有(you)(you)當時工匠(jiang)用(yong)毛筆墨(mo)書(shu)的(de)名稱,多為(wei)江南工匠(jiang)的(de)習用(yong)俗語(yu),有(you)(you)研(yan)究價值。為(wei)此(ci),有(you)(you)關(guan)部門擬辟為(wei)古(gu)建筑展覽館,長(chang)期不作宗教場所開放。
1991年后,為(wei)(wei)滿足佛教(jiao)徒活動需(xu)要(yao),將(jiang)真(zhen)如(ru)寺(si)恢(hui)復(fu)為(wei)(wei)宗教(jiao)場(chang)所,成立真(zhen)如(ru)寺(si)修(xiu)復(fu)委員會(hui),全國(guo)佛教(jiao)協會(hui)副(fu)會(hui)長明旸法師任(ren)名譽主任(ren),市佛教(jiao)協會(hui)會(hui)長真(zhen)禪法師為(wei)(wei)主任(ren)。修(xiu)復(fu)后的(de)真(zhen)如(ru)寺(si)除(chu)大(da)雄寶殿(dian)外(wai),還興(xing)建了臥(wo)佛殿(dian)、方丈室(shi)、后院、內院、外(wai)院、兩廊、辦公(gong)室(shi)等,面積由(you)(you)原來的(de)800多(duo)平方米擴大(da)到2000多(duo)平方米。1992年1月初,由(you)(you)新加(jia)坡法師林高僧(seng)性仁(ren)捐(juan)贈的(de)3尊玉佛及一些(xie)經書(shu),入寺(si)供藏。其中釋迦牟尼佛臥(wo)像長2.7米、重1.3噸(dun)(dun),2尊坐像分(fen)別高2.2米和0.8米、重2.5噸(dun)(dun)和0.1噸(dun)(dun)。