概述
上海真如寺也叫普陀真如寺。真(zhen)如寺(si)(si)位于上(shang)海(hai)普陀(tuo)(tuo)區真(zhen)如鎮街道,占(zhan)地近20畝,建筑(zhu)面積1370平方米,上(shang)海(hai)著名(ming)的(de)佛寺(si)(si),原名(ming)“萬壽寺(si)(si)”,俗稱“大廟”,全國文物保護單位。上(shang)海(hai)普陀(tuo)(tuo)區境內(nei),歷史(shi)上(shang)曾有不少寺(si)(si)廟,但絕大多數(shu)都已廢(fei)毀,留存(cun)下來(lai)的(de)寺(si)(si)廟,以真(zhen)如寺(si)(si)為(wei)建寺(si)(si)最(zui)早、影響最(zui)深。
南宋嘉定(ding)年間(1208-1224年),和尚永安(an)建(jian)真如(ru)(ru)院于(yu)官場(今(jin)大場附近)。元延祐七年(1320年),妙心和尚將其(qi)移至桃浦、梨園浜交匯處(chu)東北側(ce)今(jin)址,改(gai)名為真如(ru)(ru)寺(si)(si)。寺(si)(si)名乃取自(zi)佛經《成(cheng)唯識論》里(li)的(de)解釋:“真,謂(wei)(wei)真實,顯非虛妄;如(ru)(ru),謂(wei)(wei)如(ru)(ru)常,表無變易。謂(wei)(wei)此真如(ru)(ru),于(yu)一切位,常如(ru)(ru)其(qi)性(xing),故曰真如(ru)(ru)。”寺(si)(si)內橫梁對聯有“佛日增輝崇盛世群咸悟真如(ru)(ru)”之句,點出了寺(si)(si)名的(de)來(lai)歷。
真(zhen)(zhen)如(ru)寺遷(qian)建以后(hou),因香火旺盛,寺前(qian)出(chu)現市集(ji),緣寺得(de)名,稱真(zhen)(zhen)如(ru)市。隨著集(ji)鎮(zhen)的發展,位于鎮(zhen)北的真(zhen)(zhen)如(ru)寺也不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大(da)。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(大(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))四周擴(kuo)建了許多偏(pian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)佛閣,清(qing)(qing)末時(shi),東廡(wu)有(you)送子觀音(yin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),西廡(wu)有(you)十(shi)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、痘(dou)司殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寺前(qian)有(you)韋馱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、鄂王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、魯班殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、財(cai)神殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、北方(fang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寺后(hou)有(you)大(da)悲殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、文昌殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、西方(fang)境等,形成(cheng)了規模(mo)較(jiao)大(da)的寺廟(miao)建筑(zhu)群(qun)。清(qing)(qing)咸(xian)豐(feng)十(shi)年(nian)(1860年(nian))太平軍東進時(shi),除正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)大(da)部(bu)分建筑(zhu)被毀。
建于(yu)元代(dai)的(de)真(zhen)如寺(si)正殿,面(mian)寬、進深(shen)皆(jie)三間,內部(bu)(bu)構造極復雜,歷代(dai)屢經修葺。明(ming)洪(hong)武年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)-1398年(nian)(nian)(nian))僧(seng)(seng)人道馨及弘志年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1488-1505年(nian)(nian)(nian))僧(seng)(seng)人法雷曾兩次(ci)重修,清光緒(xu)二十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1894年(nian)(nian)(nian))又由楊(yang)耀(yao)文、甘(gan)士霖等(deng)(deng)發起(qi),同上海壽圣庵(an)僧(seng)(seng)人念(nian)岸、念(nian)倫聯(lian)合(he)發起(qi)募捐修寺(si)活動,對原(yuan)大殿進行大修。現(xian)存梁、柱(zhu)、枋斗拱等(deng)(deng)主體(ti)結構以(yi)及大部(bu)(bu)分構件(jian)皆(jie)為元代(dai)原(yuan)物(wu),是(shi)我(wo)國佛教寺(si)院中為數很少保存下來的(de)元代(dai)建筑(zhu)。
“文(wen)革”期間停止宗教活動(dong),寺內佛(fo)像均被毀損。
1979年,上海市文物保管委員會對該寺大修(xiu),發現殿內額(e)底部(bu)寫有(you)“時(shi)大元(yuan)歲次庚申(shen)延祐七年癸未季夏月乙巳二(er)十一日巽時(shi)鼎(ding)建(jian)”字樣,因(yin)此確定真如寺殿為元(yuan)代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)而列為保護建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。
歷史追溯
1)明清期間
明(ming)清(qing)期間(jian),在(zai)該(gai)寺(si)(si)(si)正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)四(si)周又陸續興建(jian)(jian)了許(xu)多偏殿(dian)(dian)樓(lou)閣(ge):東(dong)(dong)(dong)廡有(you)(you)(you)(you)送子(zi)觀音殿(dian)(dian)、伽藍殿(dian)(dian);西(xi)(xi)廡有(you)(you)(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)王殿(dian)(dian)、痘司(si)殿(dian)(dian);寺(si)(si)(si)東(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)岳行(xing)宮、忠(zhong)顯王殿(dian)(dian);寺(si)(si)(si)西(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)城隍(huang)行(xing)宮、地藏殿(dian)(dian);寺(si)(si)(si)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)韋(wei)馱(tuo)殿(dian)(dian)、鄂(e)王殿(dian)(dian)、魯班殿(dian)(dian)、財神殿(dian)(dian)、北方殿(dian)(dian);寺(si)(si)(si)后有(you)(you)(you)(you)大悲(bei)閣(ge)、文昌閣(ge)、西(xi)(xi)方境等(deng),形成規(gui)模頗大的寺(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)。該(gai)寺(si)(si)(si)正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)曾歷經修(xiu)葺,明(ming)洪武年(nian)(nian)間(jian)及(ji)弘治年(nian)(nian)間(jian),僧(seng)道(dao)馨、法雷(lei)(lei)2次重修(xiu)。清(qing)光緒二十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1894年(nian)(nian))又由真(zhen)如鎮米商楊氏發起,同上海壽圣(sheng)庵僧(seng)念岸(an)、念倫募錢1.5萬緡(千文),將(jiang)單(dan)檐3間(jian)改成雙檐5間(jian),原(yuan)梁架等(deng)主體結(jie)構仍保留元(yuan)代款式,兩(liang)側(ce)楹聯:東(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)“佛(fo)日光輝崇盛世群(qun)生咸悟真(zhen)如”,西(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)“皇(huang)風祥輯衍(yan)遐齡萬姓同躋(ji)仁壽”。該(gai)寺(si)(si)(si)韋(wei)馱(tuo)殿(dian)(dian),據(ju)洪復章《真(zhen)如里志》載:“元(yuan)至(zhi)順三年(nian)(nian),平江路嘉定州僧(seng)嗣文創(chuang)建(jian)(jian),明(ming)正(zheng)德八年(nian)(nian)僧(seng)法雷(lei)(lei)重建(jian)(jian)。清(qing)乾(qian)隆三年(nian)(nian)里人陸偉功重修(xiu),乾(qian)隆四(si)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)陸偉功、陸茂功捐資同修(xiu)。”殿(dian)(dian)內著名的銅彌勒(le)佛(fo)系明(ming)代所制,銅佛(fo)背(bei)后鐫有(you)(you)(you)(you)“明(ming)乙酉年(nian)(nian)住(zhu)山比丘(qiu)回聞募鑄。”太平天國及(ji)抗日戰(zhan)(zhan)爭時期,幾經戰(zhan)(zhan)火,配殿(dian)(dian)及(ji)附(fu)屬(shu)建(jian)(jian)筑大多被毀(hui),僅(jin)存長、寬(kuan)各20米的正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(大雄寶殿(dian)(dian))1座。
2)解放后
解放后,正(zheng)殿(dian)獨存,殿(dian)內(nei)釋迦牟尼(ni)(ni)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)像和寺前原韋馱殿(dian)的銅彌(mi)勒(le)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)尚在。1950年(nian)(nian)10月(yue),市政府曾撥款維修(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)殿(dian)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)像,并將鋼彌(mi)勒(le)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)設欄保護(hu)。1959年(nian)(nian)5月(yue),被(bei)定為市級文物(wu)保護(hu)單(dan)位。1963年(nian)(nian)重修(xiu)(xiu),正(zheng)殿(dian)仍恢復(fu)元代單(dan)檐式樣。“文化大革(ge)命”中,殿(dian)內(nei)檀木釋迦牟尼(ni)(ni)等(deng)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)像和銅彌(mi)勒(le)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)被(bei)毀,許多珍貴碑刻文物(wu)被(bei)砸。
1979年,真(zhen)如寺進(jin)行(xing)維修(xiu),正殿內額(e)枋底部(bu)仍保留(liu)“大元歲次庚申(shen)延佑七年癸未季夏(xia)月己巳二十乙(yi)日(ri)巽時(shi)鼎(ding)建(jian)”雙鉤(gou)陰刻墨字,為(wei)(wei)該寺建(jian)造年代(dai)的(de)(de)佐證。江南地(di)(di)區現存的(de)(de)元代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)物極少,除(chu)真(zhen)如寺外,僅有(you)蘇州三清(qing)殿,吳(wu)縣軒轅宮和(he)金(jin)華天寧寺3處。真(zhen)如大殿共有(you)木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)16根(gen),每根(gen)木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)基,用黃土和(he)鐵渣分層夯(hang)筑(zhu)而成(cheng),闊1.8米,長(chang)3米,深1.8~2米;各柱(zhu)地(di)(di)基,以木(mu)(mu)相連,為(wei)(wei)古建(jian)筑(zhu)所(suo)罕見,是宋元建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)重要(yao)特征。在(zai)歷(li)次重修(xiu)時(shi),還發現柱(zhu)子、梁枋、斗拱(gong)等各項構件的(de)(de)背面及接(jie)榫處,留(liu)有(you)當時(shi)工(gong)匠用毛(mao)筆墨書的(de)(de)名稱(cheng),多為(wei)(wei)江南工(gong)匠的(de)(de)習(xi)用俗語,有(you)研究價值。為(wei)(wei)此,有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門擬辟為(wei)(wei)古建(jian)筑(zhu)展覽館,長(chang)期不作宗教場所(suo)開放。
1991年(nian)后(hou),為(wei)滿(man)足佛教徒活動(dong)需要,將真如寺(si)恢復為(wei)宗(zong)教場所(suo),成立真如寺(si)修(xiu)復委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui),全國佛教協會(hui)(hui)副會(hui)(hui)長明(ming)旸法師(shi)任(ren)(ren)名譽主任(ren)(ren),市佛教協會(hui)(hui)會(hui)(hui)長真禪(chan)法師(shi)為(wei)主任(ren)(ren)。修(xiu)復后(hou)的真如寺(si)除大雄寶殿外,還興建了臥佛殿、方(fang)丈室、后(hou)院、內院、外院、兩廊、辦公室等,面積由原來的800多平方(fang)米(mi)擴大到2000多平方(fang)米(mi)。1992年(nian)1月初(chu),由新加坡法師(shi)林高僧(seng)性(xing)仁捐贈的3尊玉佛及一(yi)些(xie)經書,入寺(si)供藏(zang)。其中釋迦(jia)牟尼佛臥像(xiang)長2.7米(mi)、重1.3噸,2尊坐像(xiang)分別高2.2米(mi)和(he)(he)0.8米(mi)、重2.5噸和(he)(he)0.1噸。