一、步進電機是直流還是交流

步進電機不是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)而是(shi)(shi)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，它的工作原(yuan)理是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，將直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)成分時供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的，多相時序控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，用(yong)這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)才能正(zheng)常工作，驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)就是(shi)(shi)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分時供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的，多相時序控制器(qi)。

雖然步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)已被廣泛地應用，但這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)并不能(neng)像(xiang)普通的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)在常(chang)規(gui)下使(shi)用。它必須由雙環形脈沖(chong)信號、功率驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)路等組(zu)成控制系(xi)統方可使(shi)用。通常(chang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)為永磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)，當電(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)時，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)產生一(yi)矢(shi)量磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)。該(gai)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)會(hui)帶動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)角度，使(shi)得轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)一(yi)對(dui)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)方向與定(ding)(ding)子(zi)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)方向一(yi)致。當定(ding)(ding)子(zi)的(de)(de)矢(shi)量磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)個角度。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)也隨(sui)著該(gai)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)個角度。

每當輸入一(yi)(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)個角度(du)前(qian)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)。它輸出(chu)的角位移與(yu)輸入的脈沖(chong)數(shu)(shu)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)、轉(zhuan)速與(yu)脈沖(chong)頻率(lv)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)。改變繞組通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的順(shun)序(xu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就會反(fan)轉(zhuan)。所以(yi)可用控制(zhi)(zhi)脈沖(chong)數(shu)(shu)量、頻率(lv)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)各相繞組的通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)順(shun)序(xu)來控制(zhi)(zhi)步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

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二、步進電機是無刷電機嗎

步進電機其實是一種特殊的直流無刷電機，只不過步進電機特性特殊，不再劃歸到直流無刷電機類別里。和直流無刷電機相比，步進電機不帶反饋就可以精確地控制電機的位置和速度，而無刷電機不行；同樣尺(chi)寸的情況下，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機的輸出力矩比較大(da)(da)，但跑高速扭矩不行；步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機是一步(bu)步(bu)旋轉的，噪聲比無刷(shua)電(dian)機大(da)(da)；通常(chang)步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機效率也比無刷(shua)電(dian)機低，所以發熱量會大(da)(da)一些(xie)。

其實步進電機、直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)和無刷(shua)直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)之間主要(yao)不同就是(shi)驅動方式。

1、步進電(dian)(dian)機以步階方(fang)式分段移(yi)動，采用直接(jie)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式，其主要指令和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)變量為步進位置。主要以“開(kai)環(huan)模式”運行(xing)，步進電(dian)(dian)機由單脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)壓直接(jie)驅動，不需(xu)要霍爾元件定(ding)(ding)位。通過控(kong)制(zhi)添(tian)加(jia)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)脈(mo)沖數，可以精確定(ding)(ding)位旋轉角度。

2、直(zhi)流電機通常采用連(lian)續運動(dong)控(kong)制方式，以電機電壓為控(kong)制變量(liang)，位置或速度為指令變量(liang)，需要一個反饋控(kong)制系統，該(gai)系統將間(jian)接(jie)控(kong)制電機位置，無刷直(zhi)流電機轉速高于步進電機。

3、由于(yu)驅(qu)動(dong)原理不同，一般無(wu)刷直流電(dian)機(ji)用于(yu)控制(zhi)精度不高的場合。步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)用于(yu)需要(yao)控制(zhi)精度的場合。