五人(ren)(ren)(ren)墓(mu)為(wei)(wei)明代蘇州市(shi)民反對(dui)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)斗(dou)爭(zheng)中殉難(nan)的(de)顏(yan)佩韋、楊念如、沈揚、馬(ma)杰、周文(wen)元等五位義士之(zhi)墓(mu)。天啟(qi)年間(1621~1627)閹黨(dang)執政,朝(chao)政黑暗。蘇州織造(zao)(zao)(zao)太監李實、巡撫毛一(yi)(yi)鷺阿附(fu)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),殘酷壓(ya)迫、盤(pan)剝人(ren)(ren)(ren)民,激起市(shi)民強烈不(bu)滿(man)。天啟(qi)六年,魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)派(pai)緹騎到蘇州逮(dai)捕(bu)東林黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)殺害了(le)(le)楊漣、左(zuo)光斗(dou)后(hou)(hou),掌握了(le)(le)朝(chao)政大(da)權。他(ta)把(ba)迎合他(ta)的(de)官員(yuan)和(he)徒子徒孫(sun)統(tong)統(tong)提拔(ba)起來,擔(dan)任朝(chao)廷要(yao)職。有(you)的(de)幫他(ta)出謀劃策(ce),有(you)的(de)專(zhuan)門干(gan)特務(wu)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)勾(gou)當。民間給他(ta)們起了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)綽號,叫做(zuo)“五虎(hu)”、“五彪(biao)”、“十狗”、“十孩兒”、“四(si)十孫(sun)”。魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權力大(da)得(de)不(bu)得(de)了(le)(le),無論是(shi)(shi)朝(chao)廷和(he)地(di)(di)方的(de)官員(yuan),要(yao)想保住位子,就得(de)向(xiang)他(ta)奉承。魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出門的(de)時(shi)候(hou),排場(chang)跟皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)一(yi)(yi)模一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang),大(da)家也把(ba)他(ta)當皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)看待。封建時(shi)代把(ba)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)稱做(zuo)“萬(wan)歲”。魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di),不(bu)能(neng)叫他(ta)“萬(wan)歲”。有(you)個官員(yuan)把(ba)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)稱作(zuo)“九千(qian)歲”,魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)聽(ting)了(le)(le)很高興,重賞了(le)(le)那官員(yuan)。打那以(yi)后(hou)(hou),魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就成了(le)(le)“九千(qian)歲”了(le)(le)。還(huan)有(you)個浙江的(de)巡撫,為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)討好魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),給魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)了(le)(le)個祠(ci)堂。一(yi)(yi)般祠(ci)堂都是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)紀念死去的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de),魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)還(huan)活著,就造(zao)(zao)(zao)起祠(ci)堂來,所(suo)以(yi)叫做(zuo)“生祠(ci)”。這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)怪事一(yi)(yi)出來,就有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)反對(dui),魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)把(ba)反對(dui)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)革了(le)(le)職。各個地(di)(di)方官怕得(de)罪他(ta),紛紛造(zao)(zao)(zao)起魏忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)“生祠(ci)”來。
那(nei)個時候,朝廷(ting)上下都(dou)是閹(yan)黨(dang)和迎合(he)(he)閹(yan)黨(dang)的(de)官員,稍微有(you)點(dian)正義(yi)感(gan)的(de)人不(bu)愿意跟他(ta)們同(tong)流合(he)(he)污(wu),都(dou)辭了(le)(le)(le)職。有(you)個官員周(zhou)順(shun)(shun)昌(chang),看不(bu)慣閹(yan)黨(dang)橫行(xing),請(qing)了(le)(le)(le)長假回(hui)蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)閑居。公元1626年(nian),魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)又一(yi)次大(da)捕東(dong)(dong)林(lin)黨(dang),兵士押解了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個東(dong)(dong)林(lin)黨(dang)官員路過蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou),周(zhou)順(shun)(shun)昌(chang)替他(ta)擺酒席送行(xing),在(zai)宴(yan)席上指名道姓大(da)罵(ma)魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。押送的(de)兵士回(hui)去(qu),報(bao)告了(le)(le)(le)魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)怒,命令(ling)東(dong)(dong)廠(chang)(chang)派(pai)出兵士,由(you)南(nan)京巡撫(fu)毛(mao)一(yi)鷺帶領(ling)(ling),到蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)捉拿周(zhou)順(shun)(shun)昌(chang)。東(dong)(dong)廠(chang)(chang)到蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)抓(zhua)人的(de)消息(xi)一(yi)傳開,轟(hong)動了(le)(le)(le)蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)民(min)(min)(min)。二十多(duo)年(nian)前,蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)葛賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)領(ling)(ling)導下,曾經(jing)跟稅監斗爭(zheng)過。現在(zai)魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)特務(wu)又到蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)來抓(zhua)人,怎么(me)不(bu)激起大(da)家的(de)氣憤。再說,周(zhou)順(shun)(shun)昌(chang)為反對閹(yan)黨(dang)遭到迫(po)害,大(da)家也都(dou)同(tong)情(qing)他(ta)。所以到了(le)(le)(le)東(dong)(dong)廠(chang)(chang)兵士到蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)那(nei)天,蘇(su)(su)(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)成千上萬市(shi)民(min)(min)(min)擁上街(jie)頭,聲援(yuan)周(zhou)順(shun)(shun)昌(chang)。
大家攔住(zhu)毛(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)的(de)(de)轎子,推(tui)了(le)幾名秀才向毛(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)請(qing)愿,要求(qiu)取(qu)消(xiao)逮捕(bu)周(zhou)順昌的(de)(de)命(ming)令。毛(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)見群眾聲勢浩大,嚇得滿頭大汗(han),一(yi)句(ju)話都說(shuo)不出來。旁邊的(de)(de)兵(bing)士著急了(le),他們(men)把手里的(de)(de)鐵鐐往地下(xia)一(yi)扔(reng),厲聲嚇唬說(shuo):“我們(men)是東(dong)廠來的(de)(de),誰敢阻擋!”
鐵鐐發出“當啷(lang)”的(de)(de)聲音,市民們被激(ji)怒了。有(you)人(ren)站出來責問兵士(shi)說:“你們不是(shi)說奉皇上的(de)(de)圣旨抓人(ren)嗎?原來是(shi)東廠搞(gao)的(de)(de)鬼(gui)!”
兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)還(huan)來(lai)不及(ji)回答,群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)都高(gao)叫起來(lai):“原來(lai)是東(dong)廠來(lai)的(de)奸賊!”大伙(huo)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)叫,一(yi)(yi)面(mian)向(xiang)毛一(yi)(yi)鷺和兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)沖過去(qu),聲音像山崩地(di)裂一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)。這些平(ping)日仗勢欺人的(de)兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)嚇(xia)得(de)(de)東(dong)奔西竄,想逃(tao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)的(de)包圍。憤怒的(de)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)趕上(shang)去(qu),把他們(men)(men)揪(jiu)住,劈頭蓋腦地(di)痛打。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)被(bei)擊(ji)中(zhong)了心窩,倒在地(di)上(shang)滾了滾,就(jiu)斷了氣。其余的(de)兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)也被(bei)打得(de)(de)頭破血流,連滾帶爬地(di)逃(tao)走了。市民(min)們(men)(men)痛打了兵(bing)(bing)士(shi),一(yi)(yi)不做,二不休,要找毛一(yi)(yi)鷺算賬。毛一(yi)(yi)鷺還(huan)算乖巧,早鉆(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)轎(jiao)子,趁(chen)人群(qun)亂轟(hong)轟(hong)的(de)時候,脫了官(guan)服,從(cong)一(yi)(yi)條小(xiao)巷里(li)溜出(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu),正(zheng)見到(dao)前面(mian)有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)糞坑(keng),也顧不得(de)(de)體面(mian),鉆(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)臭氣熏天的(de)糞坑(keng)角落里(li)。直到(dao)市民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)散去(qu),隨從(cong)們(men)(men)才從(cong)糞坑(keng)邊把嚇(xia)昏了的(de)巡撫拖(tuo)了出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)。
東廠特務逃回去后,立刻向魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢哭(ku)訴。魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢哪肯罷休,命令毛(mao)一鷺派兵到蘇州鎮壓。他(ta)們把那天帶領市民暴動的顏佩韋(wei)、楊念如、馬杰、沈揚、周文元五人抓進監牢(lao),加上一個(ge)煽動叛亂的罪名(ming),把他(ta)們定了死罪。
當五個人被押到刑(xing)場就義的時候(hou),他們神(shen)色自(zi)若,還(huan)指(zhi)著魏忠賢、毛一鷺的名(ming)字大(da)罵哩!
他(ta)們(men)犧牲之后,當地(di)人(ren)民出了錢(qian),從劊子手那里(li)領回尸體,把他(ta)們(men)安葬在虎丘(qiu)東邊(bian)的山塘(tang)上(shang)。后來,還立了墓碑,碑上(shang)寫著“五人(ren)之墓”。
這(zhe)次暴動雖然(ran)被鎮壓下去,但(dan)是打那以后(hou),東廠的(de)特務(wu)看到了群眾的(de)力量(liang),再不敢竄到各(ge)地(di)亂抓(zhua)人了。
吏部(bu)員(yuan)外郎周順(shun)昌。順(shun)昌居官清(qing)正,受到市民擁(yong)戴,故蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)城(cheng)鄉數萬人(ren)為(wei)周順(shun)昌免遭逮(dai)捕(bu)而不(bu)期群集。當緹騎開(kai)讀詔書時,憤怒的群眾大(da)聲喧嘩,哭聲四(si)起。市民顏(yan)(yan)佩(pei)韋(wei)率先(xian)向兩臺使訟周順(shun)昌冤(yuan),楊(yang)念如(ru)、沈揚(yang)、馬杰(jie)、周文元(yuan)等四(si)人(ren)亦(yi)偕(xie)諸生求其疏(shu)救,跪乞至午不(bu)起。緹騎持械大(da)打出(chu)手(shou),引(yin)起眾怒,遂蜂擁(yong)而前,攀欄折楣,直前奮擊。緹騎二人(ren)當場斃命,余(yu)負傷鼠竄,毛一鷺賴蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)知(zhi)府寇慎等保護(hu)得免。事后,蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)府出(chu)動軍(jun)隊保護(hu)緹騎,并連夜將(jiang)周順(shun)昌解(jie)走(zou)。毛一鷺則飛章告蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)民反,并三上疏(shu),欲以擒獲首亂功自解(jie)。城(cheng)內外士(shi)民人(ren)人(ren)自危,顏(yan)(yan)佩(pei)韋(wei)等五(wu)人(ren)為(wei)保護(hu)當地群眾,挺身而出(chu),自系入(ru)獄。臨刑時大(da)義凜(lin)然,英勇就義。當地人(ren)士(shi)感五(wu)人(ren)之義,將(jiang)他(ta)們合葬(zang)于虎丘(qiu)之側,題稱“五(wu)人(ren)之墓”。復社(she)領導(dao)成員(yuan)張(zhang)溥(pu)為(wei)作“五(wu)人(ren)墓碑(bei)記”。
五人墓 桑調元
吳下無(wu)斯墓,要(yao)離冢亦孤。
義聲噓俠烈(lie)。悲吊(diao)有屠(tu)沽。
阘冗朝廷(ting)黨,崢嶸里巷夫。
田橫島中士,足敵五人無(wu)?
五人墓 林云鳳
五人埋(mai)骨處(chu),客過每停舟。
姓氏聞高(gao)闕(que),精靈傍(bang)虎丘。
宦官(guan)應(ying)斂(lian)跡,緹騎尚含愁。
若不鋒(feng)端(duan)死(si),空成俠少游。
【注】①林云鳳,明(ming)代長州(江蘇(su)蘇(su)州)人。【譯文】在埋葬疼五義士的(de)(de)地方,過往的(de)(de)客(ke)人都停船(chuan)憑吊。義士的(de)(de)姓名(ming)被朝廷(ting)表彰,英(ying)靈永在虎丘旁(pang)。他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)正義行為使宦(huan)官(guan)收斂劣跡,緹(ti)騎(qi)們(men)(men)也(ye)心有余悸。若不(bu)(bu)是為正義而犧牲,五義士也(ye)不(bu)(bu)過空自成(cheng)為普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)游(you)俠之士。