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簡介

玄妙(miao)觀在江蘇(su)省蘇(su)州市,始建(jian)于西晉(jin)咸寧二年(nian)，唐代(dai)稱開元宮，北(bei)宋(song)稱天(tian)慶觀，元代(dai)改今名，曾多次毀壞(huai)，多次修葺。三(san)清(qing)殿(dian)是玄妙(miao)觀的正殿(dian)，重建(jian)于南(nan)(nan)宋(song)淳熙六年(nian)(1179)，是中(zhong)國(guo)長江以南(nan)(nan)大的木構古(gu)建(jian)筑。它既是宋(song)代(dai)官(guan)式建(jian)筑的代(dai)表，也表現出(chu)地方(fang)性建(jian)筑的特點，是研(yan)究宋(song)代(dai)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)建(jian)筑差異的重要例證。1982年(nian)定為全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。

構造

三(san)清殿為重檐(yan)歇(xie)山頂建筑（見(jian)大木作），殿身面闊七間，進深四間，四周加一圈深一間的副階，構成(cheng)下(xia)檐(yan)。殿前有(you)寬五間的月臺(tai)。

殿的木構(gou)(gou)(gou)部(bu)分屬殿堂(tang)型(xing)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)，近似(si)《營造法式(shi)(shi)》所載(zai)殿身(shen)七間(jian)副階周匝身(shen)內(nei)(nei)金箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)。構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)由上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下三(san)層重疊而成(cheng)。下層為(wei)柱(zhu)網，沿周邊立(li)兩(liang)圈柱(zhu)子，外圈22柱(zhu)，內(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)，柱(zhu)頂(ding)架(jia)(jia)(jia)闌額(e)，連(lian)成(cheng)兩(liang)個相套的同高矩形(xing)(xing)框，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外槽(cao)。又沿進(jin)深方向在(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前后(hou)四柱(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)四道順(shun)串（即清(qing)式(shi)(shi)的隨(sui)梁枋），使(shi)柱(zhu)端縱橫向都連(lian)在(zai)一起。在(zai)四道順(shun)串的中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)，下面又立(li)四柱(zhu)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)現狀的滿堂(tang)柱(zhu)網。中(zhong)(zhong)層是(shi)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)層，在(zai)闌額(e)和(he)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)加普拍枋，枋上(shang)(shang)放(fang)斗(dou)，柱(zhu)間(jian)用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)朵補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)，前后(hou)內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)用(yong)(yong)三(san)朵補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)。殿內(nei)(nei)各鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)頂(ding)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)枋，裝設(she)平(ping)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)殿內(nei)(nei)空間(jian)。上(shang)(shang)層為(wei)屋頂(ding)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)層。除(chu)兩(liang)山外，沿各間(jian)進(jin)深在(zai)內(nei)(nei)外槽(cao)柱(zhu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)及中(zhong)(zhong)柱(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串中(zhong)(zhong)點之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)（即脊下）立(li)柱(zhu)，壓(ya)在(zai)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)層柱(zhu)頭枋上(shang)(shang)，柱(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)梁，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)深12架(jia)(jia)(jia)前后(hou)用(yong)(yong)5柱(zhu)的6道穿斗(dou)式(shi)(shi)草架(jia)(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)檁(lin)，構(gou)(gou)(gou)成(cheng)屋頂(ding)。

蘇州玄妙觀三清殿

概況

殿四周副階在下檐柱(zhu)上用四鋪作斗，上承(cheng)副階梁架(jia)，副階梁尾均插入殿身(shen)檐柱(zhu)。

木構部分

三清殿木(mu)構部分有幾點值得注(zhu)意：①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭和(he)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作向內(nei)(nei)一側(ce)在第二跳華以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用了(le)向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)斜舉的(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂，前(qian)后(hou)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作均兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)出上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂，是(shi)現存早用于(yu)大木(mu)作中(zhong)的(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂實例。②《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)》殿堂型構架的(de)鋪(pu)(pu)作層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭斗(dou)承托明(ming)(ming),明(ming)(ming)同(tong)下面(mian)的(de)順串(chuan)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)無補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作。此(ci)(ci)殿內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)前(qian)后(hou)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)順串(chuan)為梁，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)置三朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)不(bu)加明(ming)(ming)，直接用斗(dou)的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭枋承上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)屋頂(ding)構架，與《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)》做(zuo)法(fa)不(bu)同(tong)，似(si)為明(ming)(ming)官式(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)之濫觴。③《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)》殿堂型構架內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)只沿周邊一圈(quan)有斗(dou)，整個(ge)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)是(shi)一個(ge)橫(heng)長的(de)、頂(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)呈頂(ding)形的(de)敞廳。此(ci)(ci)殿在內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也加斗(dou)，把平截(jie)成(cheng)五段，形成(cheng)五個(ge)并列的(de)縱長形頂(ding)小(xiao)(xiao)廳。外槽(cao)(cao)(cao)平劃分也和(he)“金(jin)箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)(cao)”小(xiao)(xiao)異(yi)。④唐、宋殿堂型構架柱(zhu)(zhu)子止于(yu)鋪(pu)(pu)作之下。此(ci)(ci)殿雖絕大部分如此(ci)(ci)，但(dan)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)后(hou)側(ce)中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)穿過(guo)平上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)伸，后(hou)檐(yan)中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)六柱(zhu)(zhu)也直抵檐(yan)檁下。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)明(ming)(ming)、次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)道順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，在中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作處各立一根(gen)(gen)蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)。在這14根(gen)(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，斗(dou)都插在柱(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，顯示出南方(fang)流行(xing)的(de)穿斗(dou)式(shi)構架特點。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述四(si)點中(zhong)，后(hou)三點都反映了(le)官式(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)和(he)地方(fang)做(zuo)法(fa)的(de)差異(yi)，兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)出現在同(tong)一座建筑中(zhong)，反映了(le)它們的(de)交流融合過(guo)程。

結構特點

此(ci)殿現狀為(wei)沿副階柱(zhu)開門窗砌墻。其(qi)門窗、墻壁(bi)、翼角、瓦(wa)件(jian)等屢經(jing)重修，已不(bu)能反映宋代風(feng)貌。殿內柱(zhu)、天花(hua)、草(cao)架也多(duo)經(jing)抽換更易。另(ling)在內槽(cao)明(ming)、次(ci)間四道順串(chuan)中點下有(you)四根(gen)柱(zhu)，矮(ai)于其(qi)他(ta)內柱(zhu)，它是原有(you)的還(huan)(huan)是后加的，還(huan)(huan)有(you)不(bu)同看法。殿內槽(cao)有(you)磚砌須彌(mi)座，上塑三清像，雖經(jing)改裝(zhuang)，基本(ben)上仍是宋代遺物。