玄妙觀(guan)在江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)蘇州(zhou)市,始建(jian)(jian)(jian)于西晉咸(xian)寧二年,唐代稱開元宮,北宋稱天慶(qing)觀(guan),元代改(gai)今名(ming),曾多次毀壞,多次修葺。三清殿是玄妙觀(guan)的(de)正殿,重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)于南(nan)宋淳熙六年(1179),是中國(guo)長江(jiang)以南(nan)大的(de)木構古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。它(ta)既是宋代官式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)代表(biao),也表(biao)現(xian)出地方性(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)特點(dian),是研(yan)究(jiu)宋代南(nan)北建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)差(cha)異的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)例證。1982年定為全國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護單位。
三清殿為重檐歇山頂(ding)建筑(見大木作),殿身面闊七間(jian),進深四(si)間(jian),四(si)周加一圈深一間(jian)的副階,構成下檐。殿前有寬五間(jian)的月臺(tai)。
殿(dian)的木構(gou)(gou)(gou)部分屬殿(dian)堂(tang)型構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia),近似《營造法(fa)式(shi)》所載殿(dian)身(shen)七間(jian)副階周匝身(shen)內(nei)(nei)金箱斗底槽(cao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)。構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)由上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、中、下(xia)三層(ceng)重(zhong)疊而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。下(xia)層(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang),沿(yan)周邊立(li)兩圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子,外(wai)圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂架(jia)(jia)(jia)闌額,連成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩個相套的同高矩形(xing)(xing)框,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)。又沿(yan)進(jin)深(shen)(shen)方向(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前(qian)后(hou)四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)四(si)道順(shun)(shun)(shun)串(chuan)(即清式(shi)的隨(sui)梁枋),使(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫向(xiang)(xiang)都(dou)連在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起。在(zai)(zai)四(si)道順(shun)(shun)(shun)串(chuan)的中部,下(xia)面又立(li)四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現狀的滿堂(tang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)。中層(ceng)是鋪(pu)作層(ceng),在(zai)(zai)闌額和順(shun)(shun)(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加普(pu)拍枋,枋上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)放斗,柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)用兩朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)作,前(qian)后(hou)內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)(shun)(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用三朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)作。殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)各鋪(pu)作頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)平枋,裝(zhuang)設平,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)空間(jian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)為屋(wu)頂構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)層(ceng)。除兩山外(wai),沿(yan)各間(jian)進(jin)深(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)及中柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)(shun)(shun)串(chuan)中點之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(即脊下(xia))立(li)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),壓在(zai)(zai)鋪(pu)作上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)梁,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)深(shen)(shen)12架(jia)(jia)(jia)前(qian)后(hou)用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿(chuan)斗式(shi)草架(jia)(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)檁,構(gou)(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)屋(wu)頂。
殿(dian)四(si)(si)周副階(jie)(jie)在下檐柱上用四(si)(si)鋪作斗,上承(cheng)副階(jie)(jie)梁架,副階(jie)(jie)梁尾均插入殿(dian)身檐柱。
三清殿(dian)木構部(bu)(bu)分有幾(ji)點(dian)值得注意:①內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)和(he)補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo)向內(nei)一(yi)(yi)側在(zai)(zai)第二跳華以(yi)上(shang)用(yong)了向上(shang)斜舉的(de)上(shang)昂,前后(hou)(hou)內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)三朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo)均兩面出(chu)上(shang)昂,是現存早(zao)用(yong)于大(da)木作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)上(shang)昂實(shi)例(li)。②《營造(zao)(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構架的(de)鋪作(zuo)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)承(cheng)托明,明同(tong)下(xia)面的(de)順(shun)串(chuan)間(jian)無補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo)。此(ci)殿(dian)內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)前后(hou)(hou)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)以(yi)順(shun)串(chuan)為梁,上(shang)置三朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo),上(shang)面不加明,直接用(yong)斗(dou)的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋承(cheng)上(shang)層(ceng)屋頂構架,與《營造(zao)(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》做(zuo)法(fa)不同(tong),似為明官(guan)式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)之濫(lan)觴。③《營造(zao)(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構架內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)只(zhi)沿(yan)周邊(bian)一(yi)(yi)圈有斗(dou),整個(ge)內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)橫(heng)長的(de)、頂上(shang)呈頂形的(de)敞廳(ting)。此(ci)殿(dian)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)也(ye)加斗(dou),把平截成(cheng)(cheng)五段,形成(cheng)(cheng)五個(ge)并列的(de)縱長形頂小(xiao)廳(ting)。外槽(cao)(cao)平劃(hua)分也(ye)和(he)“金(jin)箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)”小(xiao)異。④唐、宋殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構架柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止于鋪作(zuo)之下(xia)。此(ci)殿(dian)雖絕(jue)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分如此(ci),但內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)后(hou)(hou)側中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿(chuan)過平上(shang)伸,后(hou)(hou)檐(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)六(liu)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)直抵(di)檐(yan)檁下(xia)。內(nei)槽(cao)(cao)明、次(ci)間(jian)四道順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang),在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo)處(chu)各立(li)一(yi)(yi)根蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)14根柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang),斗(dou)都(dou)插在(zai)(zai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang),顯示出(chu)南方流(liu)行的(de)穿(chuan)斗(dou)式(shi)(shi)構架特點(dian)。上(shang)述四點(dian)中(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)三點(dian)都(dou)反映了官(guan)式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)和(he)地(di)方做(zuo)法(fa)的(de)差異,兩者出(chu)現在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)座建筑中(zhong)(zhong),反映了它們的(de)交流(liu)融合過程。
此殿現狀為沿副階柱開(kai)門窗砌墻(qiang)(qiang)。其門窗、墻(qiang)(qiang)壁、翼角、瓦(wa)件等(deng)屢經(jing)重修,已不(bu)能反映(ying)宋代風貌。殿內(nei)柱、天(tian)花、草架也(ye)多經(jing)抽換更易。另在內(nei)槽(cao)明、次(ci)間(jian)四道順(shun)串中點下有(you)(you)(you)四根柱,矮于其他(ta)內(nei)柱,它是原有(you)(you)(you)的還(huan)是后加(jia)的,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)同看法。殿內(nei)槽(cao)有(you)(you)(you)磚砌須彌座,上(shang)塑三清像,雖經(jing)改(gai)裝,基本上(shang)仍(reng)是宋代遺(yi)物(wu)。