玄妙觀在(zai)江蘇(su)省蘇(su)州市,始建(jian)于西晉咸寧(ning)二年(nian),唐代(dai)稱開元宮,北(bei)宋(song)稱天(tian)慶觀,元代(dai)改今名(ming),曾多(duo)次(ci)毀壞(huai),多(duo)次(ci)修(xiu)葺。三清殿是玄妙觀的(de)(de)正殿,重建(jian)于南宋(song)淳熙六(liu)年(nian)(1179),是中(zhong)國長江以南大的(de)(de)木構古建(jian)筑。它(ta)既是宋(song)代(dai)官式建(jian)筑的(de)(de)代(dai)表,也表現出地方(fang)性(xing)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)特點(dian),是研(yan)究(jiu)宋(song)代(dai)南北(bei)建(jian)筑差異的(de)(de)重要(yao)例證。1982年(nian)定為全國重點(dian)文物保護單(dan)位。
三清殿(dian)為重檐歇(xie)山頂建筑(見(jian)大木作),殿(dian)身面闊(kuo)七間(jian),進深四(si)間(jian),四(si)周加一圈深一間(jian)的副階,構成下檐。殿(dian)前有(you)寬五間(jian)的月臺。
殿的木構(gou)部(bu)分屬殿堂型構(gou)架(jia),近似(si)《營造法(fa)式(shi)》所載殿身(shen)七間(jian)(jian)(jian)副階(jie)周(zhou)(zhou)匝(za)身(shen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)構(gou)架(jia)。構(gou)架(jia)由上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)、下(xia)三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)重疊而(er)成(cheng)。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網,沿周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)立(li)兩圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子,外(wai)(wai)圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂架(jia)闌(lan)(lan)額,連(lian)成(cheng)兩個相套的同高(gao)矩形(xing)框,形(xing)成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)槽(cao)。又沿進深方向在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前(qian)(qian)后四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)四(si)道順(shun)串(chuan)(即清式(shi)的隨梁(liang)枋(fang)),使柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫向都連(lian)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起。在(zai)(zai)四(si)道順(shun)串(chuan)的中(zhong)部(bu),下(xia)面又立(li)四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),形(xing)成(cheng)現狀(zhuang)的滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網。中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)是鋪(pu)作層(ceng)(ceng),在(zai)(zai)闌(lan)(lan)額和順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加普拍枋(fang),枋(fang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)放斗(dou),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)用兩朵補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作,前(qian)(qian)后內(nei)(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用三(san)(san)朵補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作。殿內(nei)(nei)(nei)各(ge)鋪(pu)作頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)平(ping)枋(fang),裝設(she)平(ping),形(xing)成(cheng)殿內(nei)(nei)(nei)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為屋(wu)頂構(gou)架(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)。除兩山外(wai)(wai),沿各(ge)間(jian)(jian)(jian)進深在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)及中(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)中(zhong)點之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(即脊下(xia))立(li)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),壓在(zai)(zai)鋪(pu)作上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋(fang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)梁(liang),形(xing)成(cheng)深12架(jia)前(qian)(qian)后用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿斗(dou)式(shi)草(cao)架(jia)。草(cao)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)檁,構(gou)成(cheng)屋(wu)頂。
殿四(si)周副階在下檐(yan)柱上用四(si)鋪作斗,上承副階梁(liang)架,副階梁(liang)尾均插入殿身檐(yan)柱。
三(san)(san)清殿(dian)木(mu)構(gou)部分(fen)有幾點值得注意:①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭和補(bu)間(jian)(jian)鋪作向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)側在第二(er)跳華(hua)以上(shang)用了(le)向(xiang)上(shang)斜(xie)舉的(de)上(shang)昂(ang),前后內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)三(san)(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)鋪作均兩面出(chu)(chu)上(shang)昂(ang),是現存(cun)早用于大(da)木(mu)作中的(de)上(shang)昂(ang)實例。②《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)架的(de)鋪作層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭斗(dou)(dou)承托明(ming)(ming)(ming),明(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)下面的(de)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)間(jian)(jian)無(wu)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)鋪作。此(ci)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前后柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)以順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)梁,上(shang)置三(san)(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)鋪作,上(shang)面不加(jia)明(ming)(ming)(ming),直接用斗(dou)(dou)的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋承上(shang)層(ceng)屋頂構(gou)架,與《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》做(zuo)法(fa)不同(tong),似為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)之濫觴。③《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)架內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)只沿周邊一(yi)(yi)(yi)圈有斗(dou)(dou),整(zheng)個(ge)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)橫長(chang)的(de)、頂上(shang)呈頂形的(de)敞廳。此(ci)殿(dian)在內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)也加(jia)斗(dou)(dou),把平(ping)(ping)(ping)截成五(wu)段,形成五(wu)個(ge)并列的(de)縱長(chang)形頂小(xiao)廳。外槽(cao)平(ping)(ping)(ping)劃分(fen)也和“金箱斗(dou)(dou)底(di)槽(cao)”小(xiao)異(yi)(yi)。④唐、宋殿(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)架柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止(zhi)于鋪作之下。此(ci)殿(dian)雖絕大(da)部分(fen)如此(ci),但內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)后側中間(jian)(jian)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿過平(ping)(ping)(ping)上(shang)伸,后檐中間(jian)(jian)六柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也直抵檐檁下。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)、次間(jian)(jian)四道順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang),在中間(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)鋪作處各立一(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在這(zhe)14根(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang),斗(dou)(dou)都插在柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang),顯(xian)示出(chu)(chu)南方流(liu)行的(de)穿斗(dou)(dou)式(shi)(shi)構(gou)架特(te)點。上(shang)述(shu)四點中,后三(san)(san)點都反映了(le)官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)和地(di)方做(zuo)法(fa)的(de)差異(yi)(yi),兩者出(chu)(chu)現在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座建筑(zhu)中,反映了(le)它(ta)們的(de)交流(liu)融合過程(cheng)。
此(ci)殿現(xian)狀為沿副階柱(zhu)(zhu)開門窗(chuang)砌墻。其門窗(chuang)、墻壁、翼(yi)角、瓦件等屢經(jing)重修,已不能反(fan)映宋(song)代(dai)風(feng)貌。殿內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)、天花、草架(jia)也多(duo)經(jing)抽(chou)換更(geng)易。另在內(nei)(nei)槽明、次間四(si)道順串中(zhong)點下(xia)有(you)四(si)根柱(zhu)(zhu),矮(ai)于其他內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu),它是(shi)原有(you)的(de)還是(shi)后加的(de),還有(you)不同看法。殿內(nei)(nei)槽有(you)磚(zhuan)砌須彌(mi)座,上(shang)塑三清(qing)像,雖(sui)經(jing)改裝,基本(ben)上(shang)仍是(shi)宋(song)代(dai)遺(yi)物。