玄(xuan)妙觀(guan)在江蘇省蘇州市(shi),始建于西晉咸寧二年(nian),唐代稱開元宮(gong),北(bei)宋(song)(song)稱天慶觀(guan),元代改今名,曾(ceng)多次毀壞(huai),多次修(xiu)葺。三清殿是玄(xuan)妙觀(guan)的(de)(de)正殿,重(zhong)建于南宋(song)(song)淳熙六年(nian)(1179),是中國長(chang)江以南大的(de)(de)木構古(gu)建筑(zhu)。它既是宋(song)(song)代官式建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)代表,也表現(xian)出地方性建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)特(te)點,是研(yan)究宋(song)(song)代南北(bei)建筑(zhu)差(cha)異的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)例證(zheng)。1982年(nian)定為全(quan)國重(zhong)點文物保護單(dan)位(wei)。
三清殿(dian)為重檐歇山頂建筑(見大木作),殿(dian)身面闊七(qi)間(jian),進深四(si)間(jian),四(si)周加(jia)一(yi)圈深一(yi)間(jian)的副階(jie),構成下檐。殿(dian)前有寬(kuan)五(wu)間(jian)的月臺(tai)。
殿的木構(gou)部分屬(shu)殿堂(tang)(tang)型構(gou)架(jia),近似《營造(zao)法式》所(suo)載殿身(shen)七間(jian)副(fu)階周匝(za)身(shen)內(nei)(nei)金(jin)箱斗(dou)(dou)底槽(cao)構(gou)架(jia)。構(gou)架(jia)由(you)上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)三層(ceng)重疊而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。下(xia)層(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網,沿(yan)周邊(bian)立兩(liang)圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子(zi),外(wai)(wai)圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂架(jia)闌(lan)額,連(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)個相套的同高(gao)矩形(xing)框,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)槽(cao)。又沿(yan)進深方向在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前(qian)后(hou)四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)四(si)道順串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(即清(qing)式的隨梁(liang)(liang)枋(fang)),使(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫(heng)向都連(lian)在(zai)(zai)一起。在(zai)(zai)四(si)道順串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的中(zhong)(zhong)部,下(xia)面又立四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現狀的滿堂(tang)(tang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網。中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)是(shi)鋪(pu)作(zuo)層(ceng),在(zai)(zai)闌(lan)額和順串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)加普拍枋(fang),枋(fang)上(shang)(shang)放斗(dou)(dou),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)用兩(liang)朵補間(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo),前(qian)后(hou)內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)用三朵補間(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)。殿內(nei)(nei)各鋪(pu)作(zuo)頂上(shang)(shang)架(jia)平枋(fang),裝設平,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿內(nei)(nei)空間(jian)。上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)為屋頂構(gou)架(jia)層(ceng)。除兩(liang)山外(wai)(wai),沿(yan)各間(jian)進深在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)及中(zhong)(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)點之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(即脊下(xia))立柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),壓在(zai)(zai)鋪(pu)作(zuo)上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋(fang)上(shang)(shang),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)深12架(jia)前(qian)后(hou)用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿斗(dou)(dou)式草架(jia)。草架(jia)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)檁,構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)屋頂。
殿(dian)四(si)周副階在下(xia)檐柱(zhu)上用四(si)鋪作斗,上承副階梁架,副階梁尾均(jun)插入(ru)殿(dian)身檐柱(zhu)。
三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)部(bu)分有(you)幾點值得注(zhu)意:①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭和補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)向(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)(nei)一側在(zai)第二跳(tiao)華(hua)以(yi)上(shang)用(yong)了向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)斜舉的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)昂,前(qian)(qian)后(hou)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)三(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)均兩面出上(shang)昂,是現存(cun)早用(yong)于大木(mu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)昂實(shi)例(li)。②《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)層柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭斗(dou)承托明(ming),明(ming)同下面的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)串(chuan)間(jian)無補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)以(yi)順(shun)串(chuan)為梁,上(shang)置三(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),上(shang)面不加明(ming),直(zhi)接用(yong)斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋承上(shang)層屋頂構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia),與《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》做法(fa)不同,似(si)為明(ming)官式(shi)(shi)做法(fa)之(zhi)濫觴。③《營(ying)造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)只沿周邊(bian)一圈有(you)斗(dou),整個(ge)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)是一個(ge)橫(heng)長的(de)(de)(de)、頂上(shang)呈頂形的(de)(de)(de)敞廳。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang)也加斗(dou),把平截成五段,形成五個(ge)并列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)縱長形頂小廳。外槽(cao)(cao)平劃分也和“金(jin)箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)”小異(yi)。④唐、宋殿(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止于鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)下。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)雖(sui)絕(jue)大部(bu)分如此(ci),但(dan)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)后(hou)側中間(jian)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿過(guo)(guo)平上(shang)伸,后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)中間(jian)六柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也直(zhi)抵檐(yan)(yan)檁下。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)明(ming)、次間(jian)四道順(shun)串(chuan)上(shang),在(zai)中間(jian)一朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)處(chu)各立一根(gen)蜀(shu)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)這14根(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang),斗(dou)都插(cha)在(zai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身(shen)上(shang),顯示出南方流行的(de)(de)(de)穿斗(dou)式(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)特(te)點。上(shang)述四點中,后(hou)三(san)點都反(fan)映了官式(shi)(shi)做法(fa)和地(di)方做法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi),兩者出現在(zai)同一座建筑中,反(fan)映了它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)交流融合過(guo)(guo)程。
此殿現狀為沿副(fu)階柱(zhu)開門(men)窗砌墻。其門(men)窗、墻壁、翼角(jiao)、瓦件(jian)等(deng)屢經重修,已不能反映宋(song)代風貌(mao)。殿內柱(zhu)、天花、草架(jia)也多經抽換更(geng)易。另(ling)在內槽(cao)明、次間四(si)(si)道順串中點下有四(si)(si)根柱(zhu),矮于其他內柱(zhu),它是(shi)原(yuan)有的還是(shi)后加的,還有不同看法。殿內槽(cao)有磚(zhuan)砌須彌座(zuo),上(shang)塑三清(qing)像,雖(sui)經改裝,基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)仍是(shi)宋(song)代遺(yi)物。