建甌板鴨是(shi)福建建甌傳統(tong)特色產品。由于其形、色、香(xiang)、味俱全,制工精細(xi)、風味獨特、食用(yong)方便(bian),在清(qing)朝已(yi)久(jiu)負盛名,深(shen)受南北消(xiao)費者(zhe)的(de)青睞,八十年代即被中(zhong)國食品(pin)總公司收入《家禽(qin)與傳統禽(qin)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)》一書,列(lie)入全國傳統腌臘禽(qin)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)名品(pin)板(ban)鴨行(xing)列,(福(fu)建)建甌板鴨(ya)與(江蘇(su))南京(jing)板鴨、(四川)建(jian)昌板鴨、(江西)南安板(ban)鴨(ya)一起被稱為“中國四大板鴨(ya)”。建甌板鴨(ya)年銷售量達150萬只以上,并實(shi)現了機械化真空包裝生產、產品已進入(ru)港澳和臺灣市場。
建甌板鴨,來自民間(jian)。相(xiang)傳建州有一(yi)貧民,沒(mei)固定(ding)職業,在一(yi)年冬(dong)天(tian)養起了十幾(ji)只(zhi)鵝(e)(e)(e),沒(mei)錢買(mai)(mai)飼(si)(si)(si)料時(shi),就賣(mai)了一(yi)只(zhi)鵝(e)(e)(e)來購買(mai)(mai)飼(si)(si)(si)料;飼(si)(si)(si)料用完,又賣(mai)一(yi)只(zhi)……,結果僅剩(sheng)下一(yi)只(zhi)鵝(e)(e)(e),他(ta)才大吃一(yi)驚。最后他(ta)把(ba)僅有的(de)(de)一(yi)只(zhi)鵝(e)(e)(e)也殺(sha)了,但“春節”來到,又舍不得(de)吃,他(ta)老(lao)婆(po)把(ba)鵝(e)(e)(e)胴腌好,涼起來。過年時(shi)當(dang)一(yi)道(dao)菜上了桌,只(zhi)見得(de)這(zhe)鵝(e)(e)(e)干的(de)(de)味道(dao)還特(te)別(bie)好呢(ni)?大家都不懂(dong)叫什么(me)菜名,還是小(xiao)孩吃了說“這(zhe)板塊鵝(e)(e)(e)真好吃,我還要吃。”就這(zhe)樣“板鵝”的(de)名稱就叫開了。
后來每(mei)到冬天,準備年貨(huo)時,大家(jia)都學著做(zuo)起“板(ban)鵝”、“板(ban)鴨”、“板(ban)雞”、“板(ban)兔”來。但惟“板(ban)鴨”逐漸形(xing)成商品,并(bing)摸(mo)索出了一(yi)整套制作技巧,從而(er)產生“建州板(ban)鴨”,并(bing)占(zhan)據(ju)市(shi)場(chang)而(er)延續。
建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)再現昔日風采 建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)系建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)土(tu)特色產品(pin),年產達300多萬只,是閩(min)北老(lao)字(zi)號板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya),素有“八閩(min)佳肴”之(zhi)美稱。由于其(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作精細、食(shi)用方便、風味(wei)獨(du)特,早(zao)在宋(song)孝宗(zong)趙昚時,因對建(jian)(jian)(jian)歐板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)情有獨(du)鐘(zhong)而將其(qi)(qi)帶入宋(song)庭(ting),列為(wei)“漢席(xi)珍(zhen)品(pin)”。至(zhi)清(qing)朝(chao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)已(yi)久負盛名,深受南北消費者的青睞。二十世紀八十年代建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)又被中(zhong)國食(shi)品(pin)總公(gong)司收入《家禽與傳統禽制(zhi)品(pin)》一書, 建(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)(ou)(ou)板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)的制(zhi)作極為(wei)考究。
建(jian)甌板鴨在閩北一帶屬頗有(you)名氣的風味食品。它形如扁平龜(gui)狀,色澤黃(huang)嫩光潤,肉質肥厚(hou),味道香美。不僅是當地(di)人送禮、辦酒席和家庭食用必備,而且深(shen)受外地(di)賓客(ke)歡迎。相傳,早在宋孝宗趙昚(shen)時,建甌已(yi)有盛記飯店的板鴨(ya)出(chu)名,并因宋孝宗趙昚曾(ceng)在建(jian)(jian)安(今建(jian)(jian)甌)稱建(jian)(jian)王,因對建(jian)(jian)板(ban)鴨情有(you)獨鐘(zhong)而將其帶入(ru)宋(song)庭,列為“漢席珍品(pin)”。至清朝建(jian)(jian)甌板(ban)鴨更是早已久負盛名,深受南北消費者的青睞,為福建(jian)(jian)傳(chuan)統名優(you)土特產品(pin),素有(you)“八閩佳(jia)肴”之美稱。此菜在福建屬頗有名氣(qi)的(de)風味食(shi)品,它形如龜體,色澤白嫩光潤,肉質肥厚,味道香美。
建(jian)甌板鴨選料考究,加(jia)工精細,每年農(nong)歷(li)九月開始制作(zuo),到翌年二月二收盤(pan)。其中尤以霜(shuang)風天制作(zuo)的板(ban)鴨(ya)最佳。建(jian)甌板(ban)鴨(ya)烹飪簡便,經清洗切塊(kuai)或油炸,或加(jia)入老(lao)酒清蒸(zheng)、紅燒(shao),風(feng)味獨特,香嫩可口,是(shi)宴客(ke)的(de)(de)佳肴,也是(shi)中(zhong)外(wai)游客(ke)喜愛購買的(de)(de)物(wu)品(pin)之一。建甌板鴨(ya)的(de)(de)制作極為考究,用來制作板鴨(ya)的(de)(de)鴨(ya)源必須是(shi)在田(tian)野溪流中(zhong)放養的(de)(de),以(yi)吃稻(dao)谷為主(zhu),也就是(shi)人們常說的(de)(de)“土鴨(ya)”。這類鴨子需喂養百日方能上(shang)市,因其肉質(zhi)好,有韌性,在腌(a)制(zhi)過程中不易(yi)變形,制(zhi)成(cheng)后(hou)肉厚質(zhi)嫩(nen),肥而不膩。
建(jian)甌(ou)板鴨有悠久歷史,百年之(zhi)前已為家(jia)家(jia)戶戶所歡迎(ying),冬天(tian)不(bu)論家(jia)宴還是會客,被認為是可以(yi)上酒(jiu)桌的菜(cai)肴,幾個朋友相聚(ju),買只板鴨下酒(jiu),或是買棵白(bai)菜(cai)煮橄欖仔米果(guo)粿,上面再蓋個板鴨(ya)為(wei)宵夜,都(dou)覺(jue)得(de)其(qi)味無(wu)窮。
建甌(ou)板鴨所以能出名,在選料(liao)、制作技術(shu)、氣(qi)候等方面(mian),都有獨到之處,因此能飲譽遐(xia)邇(er),久盛不衰。
首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)(shi)選料。建甌(ou)的(de)(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)店(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)光餅(bing)店(dian)(dian)合營的(de)(de)(de),光餅(bing)是(shi)(shi)每天必賣,鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)按季(ji)節(jie)而(er)定(ding)。平時(shi)只賣鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)筒(tong)(即(ji)光鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)),重陽節(jie)前后賣鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)昔(焙鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)),冬春(chun)賣板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)用(yong)料是(shi)(shi)母(mu)(mu)蛋(dan)(dan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),俗稱田鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)姆,而(er)不用(yong)現(xian)今所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)半番鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。每當春(chun)夏之交,農民開始(shi)養(yang)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun)時(shi),鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)店(dian)(dian)老(lao)板(ban)(ban)就下鄉(xiang)(xiang)去(qu)定(ding)購鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun),預付(fu)定(ding)金,并經常下鄉(xiang)(xiang)了解所定(ding)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)情(qing)況(kuang)。到(dao)重陽節(jie)前后,也就是(shi)(shi)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)子長到(dao)了一斤重左右,能(neng)辨出雌雄的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,就將(jiang)公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)看(kan)去(qu)發(fa)(fa)育不良的(de)(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)挑了運(yun)回城(cheng)來做鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)昔,把發(fa)(fa)育良好的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)留下繼續飼(si)養(yang)。鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)店(dian)(dian)老(lao)板(ban)(ban)買下鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun)時(shi),還(huan)要(yao)(yao)記(ji)下每群(qun)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)孵出時(shi)間,計算母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可能(neng)產蛋(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間,在鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun)將(jiang)要(yao)(yao)下蛋(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)前半個月,就挑著玉米粒送到(dao)飼(si)養(yang)者家中,讓(rang)他(ta)們增喂精(jing)飲料,使母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)體壯膘肥(fei),用(yong)即(ji)將(jiang)下蛋(dan)(dan)而(er)尚未(wei)下蛋(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作為制作板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)原料,所以制作出板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)肉厚(hou)質嫩,肥(fei)而(er)不膩。有人說(shuo),建甌(ou)上等的(de)(de)(de)制板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)師傅到(dao)外地(di)去(qu)做板(ban)(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),味(wei)道(dao)就沒那么(me)好,沒有這樣精(jing)選的(de)(de)(de)原料是(shi)(shi)其中主要(yao)(yao)原因之一。
再是氣候(hou)。板(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是風(feng)干的(de)(de),陰雨天(tian)做不(bu)出(chu)好板(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),因此制鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人很重視氣候(hou)。他們看到刮霜風(feng)的(de)(de)苗頭(tou),連夜趕(gan)往農村,挑出(chu)適合的(de)(de)母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)宰(zai)殺后運回城(cheng)內加工(gong),在刮霜風(feng)時掛在有風(feng)的(de)(de)地方吹(chui)干,當鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)脖(bo)子骨(gu)節已露(lu)時就上(shang)市。這時的(de)(de)板(ban)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)肉(rou)質實而不(bu)硬,有一種特殊的(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)香(xiang)味,太濕無香(xiang)味,太干肉(rou)硬無味。所以買鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)寄(ji)到外地去(qu),就買尚未露(lu)骨(gu)節的(de)(de),現(xian)買現(xian)吃要買三個骨(gu)節的(de)(de)。
三是(shi)(shi)制作技術(shu)。活鴨宰殺后(hou),除去(qu)內臟,留(liu)下(xia)鴨肺和成(cheng)串的(de)卵洗后(hou),擦干(gan)腹內血水(shui),然后(hou)加工,板鴨只用(yong)(yong)鹽(yan),不(bu)加其他(ta)佐料,上鹽(yan)必須用(yong)(yong)手搓(cuo),在不(bu)同部位(wei)上掌握用(yong)(yong)鹽(yan)的(de)分量(liang)。據說肺部用(yong)(yong)鹽(yan)有(you)很強的(de)技術(shu),成(cheng)串的(de)卵是(shi)(shi)此鴨尚未下(xia)蛋的(de)標記。用(yong)(yong)鹽(yan)后(hou)一(yi)個對(dui)周(24小時(shi)),就用(yong)(yong)濕布將里(li)外的(de)鹽(yan)漬擦去(qu),一(yi)是(shi)(shi)除去(qu)多余鹽(yan)分,不(bu)會(hui)過咸,二是(shi)(shi)表面潔凈,色(se)澤好,再用(yong)(yong)竹片將鴨撐開成(cheng)平(ping)板狀,在鼻孔上穿上繩(sheng),以便懸(xuan)掛,經太(tai)陽稍(shao)曬后(hou),懸(xuan)掛在無陽光直照又風大的(de)地方吹(chui)干(gan)。
板(ban)鴨的烹煮方法應整個背朝下蒸熟,然后切塊裝盤,再澆上加胡椒(jiao)的熱紅(料)酒,近來也有人將(jiang)胡椒(jiao)與紅酒放(fang)在鴨腹中蒸,使調味滲(shen)入鴨體內,切忌湯(tang)煮。
順便在這里(li)也說一(yi)(yi)下鴨(ya)昔(xi)。鴨(ya)昔(xi)多在農歷九月上(shang)市。是將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)斤多重的(de)(de)鴨(ya)除去內臟,用竹片成(cheng)X形撐開,將(jiang)頭扭轉(zhuan)插于(yu)竹片中,鴨(ya)掌扭轉(zhuan)爬在腿(tui)部,再將(jiang)松柴(chai)數(shu)塊放(fang)在灰上(shang)燒成(cheng)火(huo)炭,將(jiang)鴨(ya)在火(huo)炭上(shang)焙(bei),而不是煙熏,在焙(bei)的(de)(de)同時(shi)將(jiang)芝麻油在鴨(ya)背(bei)上(shang)涂(tu)抹多次,增(zeng)加香味。品種有(you)單(dan)面焙(bei)和雙面焙(bei)兩種,單(dan)面焙(bei)只焙(bei)背(bei)部。鴨(ya)昔(xi)的(de)(de)吃(chi)法也有(you)多種,有(you)整體蒸熟吃(chi)的(de)(de),也有(you)鴨(ya)昔(xi)炒光餅(bing)、鴨(ya)昔(xi)炒大蒜等。
建(jian)甌板鴨(ya)的新(xin)制(zhi)造方(fang)法:
1.曬干的鴨腿,用純堿或者小(xiao)蘇打(da)搓洗一(yi)遍,用水沖干凈(jing)后(hou),浸(jin)泡一(yi)兩個小(xiao)時(看曬干的程(cheng)度)。
2.高(gao)壓鍋里加些水(shui),搭個架(jia)子(zi)(zi),把鴨腿擺在架(jia)子(zi)(zi)上,大火蒸。待高(gao)壓鍋冒氣(qi)后,轉小火,再壓20-30分鐘。
3.出鍋后,把鴨腿對半切(qie)開(kai)或者切(qie)塊(沒有(you)砍骨頭(tou)的刀,只能從關節(jie)的地方,劈開(kai)2半),放涼(liang)。
4.鍋里燒點(dian)水,調一(yi)小碗料(liao)酒、芝麻油、味精的佐料(liao)放(fang)鍋里蒸到沸騰后取出(chu)。
5.把(ba)這碗佐料均勻(yun)澆(jiao)淋在(zai)板鴨上,再倒(dao)出(chu)湯汁(zhi),繼續澆(jiao)淋,反復(fu)2遍后。再把(ba)湯汁(zhi)倒(dao)出(chu),放鍋里(li)再次蒸滾,再重復(fu)澆(jiao)淋兩遍。香噴噴的板鴨就可以上桌了,美美的下(xia)酒菜。