于謙墓簡介
墓址
于(yu)謙墓,位于(yu)浙江(jiang)省杭州市(shi)西(xi)湖區三臺山(shan)麓(lu)。
于謙簡介
于(yu)(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(1398-1457),字廷益,號節庵,錢塘(今杭州)人。曾任監察御史,河南(nan)、山西(xi)巡(xun)撫。明正統十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1449年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))“土木之(zhi)變”后,升(sheng)兵部尚書,擁立(li)(li)景帝,抗(kang)擊瓦剌南(nan)侵(qin),捍衛京師(shi)。景泰八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1457年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),英宗復(fu)位后被害(hai),次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1458年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))歸落于(yu)(yu)(yu)杭州三臺山。成化二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1466年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔復(fu)原官,弘治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1489年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔立(li)(li)祠墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)側(ce),額曰“旌功”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底毀,1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重(zhong)修,現(xian)存于(yu)(yu)(yu)謙(qian)祠為清同(tong)治八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1869年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)建,占地(di)面(mian)積4618.21平方(fang)米(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坐(zuo)西(xi)朝(chao)東,平面(mian)呈馬(ma)蹄形(xing),南(nan)北寬23米(mi),進深30米(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前立(li)(li)“大明少保兼兵部尚書贈太傅謚忠(zhong)肅(su)于(yu)(yu)(yu)公墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)”碑(bei)一方(fang), 1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由書法(fa)家沙孟海重(zhong)書。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長(chang)100米(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前祭臺,香爐均為明代遺物。
于謙概況
于謙是明(ming)代名臣,他和岳飛、張蒼水并稱(cheng)“西湖三(san)雄”。于謙(1398—1457),明(ming)浙江錢(qian)塘(今杭(hang)州)人,字廷益(yi)。正(zheng)統十四年(nian)(1449年(nian))“土木之變(bian)”英宗被(bei)俘后,從兵(bing)部侍郎升任尚書(shu),擁立景(jing)帝,反對(dui)南遷(qian)。調集重(zhong)兵(bing),在北京城外擊退瓦剌軍(jun),取得了北京保(bao)衛(wei)戰的勝利。次年(nian)(景(jing)泰(tai)元年(nian)),也先因無隙可乘(cheng),被(bei)迫釋放英宗。景(jing)泰(tai)八年(nian)(1457年(nian))“奪(duo)門之變(bian)”中英宗復辟,于謙以“謀逆罪”被(bei)殺,葬于三(san)臺山(shan)。
詳細經歷
于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)立志,十(shi)二歲(sui)的時候,有個和尚驚(jing)奇于(yu)(yu)他(ta)的相貌,說(shuo):“這(zhe)是將來(lai)救世(shi)的宰相呀(ya)。”十(shi)二歲(sui)時于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)即寫下明志詩《石灰吟》。永樂(le)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(1421年(nian)(nian))成為(wei)進士。宣(xuan)德(de)元年(nian)(nian)(1426年(nian)(nian)),漢王朱高煦在樂(le)安州(zhou)起兵謀(mou)叛,于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)隨宣(xuan)宗朱瞻基親(qin)征。授(shou)御史,后官至兵部侍郎。
正統(tong)十(shi)四年(1449年)秋,瓦(wa)剌也先(xian)(xian)大舉侵犯邊疆,宦官王(wang)振建議英(ying)宗親(qin)征。八(ba)月英(ying)宗在土木堡之(zhi)變被(bei)瓦(wa)剌俘虜,京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)(shi)震動。皇(huang)弟(di)郕王(wang)朱祁(qi)鈺監(jian)國,將于謙(qian)(qian)擢為(wei)兵部尚(shang)書,全權負責籌劃京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)(shi)防御。當時朝廷(ting)中(zhong)有些人主張向(xiang)南(nan)遷都(dou)避敵,于謙(qian)(qian)挺身(shen)而出(chu),駁斥了(le)各(ge)種投降主義的論調,提出(chu)“社稷(ji)為(wei)重,君(jun)為(wei)輕(qing)”,堅持保衛北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing),繼續(xu)抗敵。九月郕王(wang)即帝(di)位,為(wei)明代宗。十(shi)月,也先(xian)(xian)挾持英(ying)宗破(po)紫(zi)荊關威脅京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)(shi),于謙(qian)(qian)分(fen)遣諸將列陣九門迎(ying)敵,并(bing)親(qin)自督戰,擊斃也先(xian)(xian)弟(di)孛羅及(ji)平章卯那孩(hai),取得京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)(shi)保衛戰的勝利。
景泰(tai)元年(1450年),也先請求議和,同意歸還英宗(zong)(zong)。八月,明朝接回英宗(zong)(zong),安置南宮,稱上(shang)皇(huang)。當時閩浙有(you)葉宗(zong)(zong)留、鄧茂七(qi),廣東有(you)黃肅養分別叛(pan)亂,湖廣、廣西、貴州等(deng)地均有(you)少數民族作亂,都被于謙平定。
景(jing)泰八年(nian),將軍(jun)石亨、宦官曹(cao)吉祥等,趁景(jing)帝病重,發(fa)兵擁立(li)英(ying)(ying)(ying)宗復(fu)辟。英(ying)(ying)(ying)宗復(fu)位后,石亨和(he)曹(cao)吉祥等誣陷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙制(zhi)造不(bu)(bu)軌言論,要另立(li)太子(zi),唆(suo)使(shi)科道官上奏。都御(yu)史蕭維禎審(shen)理案件,判定于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙犯謀逆(ni)罪(zui),判處死(si)刑。英(ying)(ying)(ying)宗以(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙對國(guo)家有(you)功(gong),不(bu)(bu)忍心殺(sha)他,徐有(you)貞(zhen)奏道:“不(bu)(bu)殺(sha)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙,此舉為無名”遂以(yi)“意欲”謀逆(ni)罪(zui)處死(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冕充軍(jun),發(fa)戍山(shan)西(xi)龍(long)門,其(qi)(qi)妻張(zhang)氏發(fa)戍山(shan)海關。《明(ming)史》載于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙“死(si)之(zhi)日(ri),陰霾四合,天下冤之(zhi)”,籍沒時家無馀(yu)資。錦衣(yi)衛發(fa)現于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙的正屋大鎖牢牢鎖著,里面放著皇帝御(yu)賜(si)的蟒衣(yi)、劍器,看了也忍不(bu)(bu)住落(luo)淚。成化年(nian)間(jian),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冕獲赦(she),上疏(shu)為父平(ping)反,明(ming)憲宗親自審(shen)理,弘治二年(nian)(1489年(nian)),贈特進光(guang)祿大夫、柱國(guo)、太傅,謚“肅(su)愍”。葬于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)杭州西(xi)湖三臺山(shan)麓,賜(si)祠(ci)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)墓曰“旌(jing)功(gong)”。萬(wan)歷(li)年(nian)間(jian),明(ming)神宗改(gai)謚號“忠(zhong)肅(su)”。留有(you)《于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)忠(zhong)肅(su)集》。后世尊于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)謙為民族英(ying)(ying)(ying)雄。
于謙的墓
明(ming)成(cheng)(cheng)化二年(1466年),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)冤(yuan)案平反昭雪,明(ming)弘治二年(1489年),明(ming)孝(xiao)宗表彰(zhang)其為(wei)國效忠的功績,賜(si)謚(shi)“肅愍”,并在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)旁建旌功祠(ci),設(she)(she)春秋二祭,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)祠(ci)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)合(he)一(yi)格局。1966年,于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)區被毀(hui)。1982年,重建于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),將原七座(zuo)墳塋改為(wei)一(yi)座(zuo),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)高(gao)2米,青磚環砌,重刻墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑,上書“大明(ming)少保(bao)兼兵部尚書贈太傅謚(shi)忠肅于(yu)公(gong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)”,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)前設(she)(she)祭桌、香爐。1998年,為(wei)紀念于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)誕生600周年,在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側配置(zhi)仿明(ming)式石翁仲(zhong)、石獸及牌坊,整(zheng)治墓(mu)(mu)(mu)區環境,修復于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)祠(ci),建成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)景(jing)區。在(zai)這次湖(hu)西綜(zong)合(he)保(bao)護(hu)工程(cheng)中,于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)祠(ci)又經保(bao)護(hu)整(zheng)修,恢復了于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)祠(ci)牌坊和甬道,現已成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)湖(hu)西重要的人文(wen)景(jing)觀。于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)浙江(jiang)省(sheng)省(sheng)級文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單位。
原(yuan)墓坐西朝東,呈馬(ma)蹄形,有七座墳,墓側建旌功祠,又名于(yu)謙(qian)祠,南北寬23米,進深30米,墓道長(chang)90米。后毀(hui)于(yu)1966年,今于(yu)謙(qian)墓為1982年重(zhong)建。對于(yu)謙(qian),清代袁枚曾贊(zan)頌道:“賴于(yu)岳于(yu)雙(shuang)少保(bao),人(ren)間始覺重(zhong)西湖”。
2006年(nian)05月25日,于謙墓作(zuo)為明至清古墓葬(zang),被國務院批(pi)(pi)準列(lie)入第六(liu)批(pi)(pi)全國重點文物保護單(dan)位名單(dan)。