于謙墓簡介
墓址
于(yu)謙墓,位(wei)于(yu)浙江省杭州(zhou)市西(xi)湖(hu)區(qu)三臺山(shan)麓(lu)。
于謙簡介
于謙(1398-1457),字(zi)廷(ting)益,號節(jie)庵,錢塘(今(jin)杭州(zhou))人。曾任(ren)監察御史,河南、山(shan)西(xi)巡(xun)撫(fu)。明(ming)正(zheng)統十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1449年(nian)(nian)(nian))“土(tu)木之(zhi)變”后(hou),升兵(bing)部尚書(shu)(shu),擁立景(jing)帝(di),抗擊瓦(wa)剌(la)南侵,捍衛京師。景(jing)泰(tai)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1457年(nian)(nian)(nian)),英宗復位后(hou)被害,次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1458年(nian)(nian)(nian))歸落于杭州(zhou)三臺(tai)山(shan)。成(cheng)化(hua)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1466年(nian)(nian)(nian))詔復原官,弘治(zhi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1489年(nian)(nian)(nian))詔立祠墓(mu)側(ce),額曰“旌(jing)功”。墓(mu)于1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)底毀,1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)重(zhong)修,現(xian)存于謙祠為清同(tong)治(zhi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1869年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)建,占地面積4618.21平方米。墓(mu)坐西(xi)朝東,平面呈馬蹄形,南北(bei)寬23米,進深30米。墓(mu)前立“大明(ming)少保兼兵(bing)部尚書(shu)(shu)贈(zeng)太傅(fu)謚忠肅于公墓(mu)”碑一方, 1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)由書(shu)(shu)法家沙孟海重(zhong)書(shu)(shu)。墓(mu)道長100米,墓(mu)前祭(ji)臺(tai),香爐(lu)均(jun)為明(ming)代遺物。
于謙概況
于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)是明代名臣,他(ta)和岳飛、張蒼水并稱“西湖(hu)三雄”。于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(1398—1457),明浙江錢塘(tang)(今杭州(zhou))人,字廷益。正統十四年(1449年)“土木之(zhi)變”英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)被(bei)(bei)俘后,從兵部侍郎(lang)升任尚書,擁(yong)立景(jing)帝,反對南遷。調(diao)集重兵,在北京城外擊(ji)退瓦剌軍,取得了北京保衛戰的勝(sheng)利。次(ci)年(景(jing)泰(tai)元年),也先因無隙可乘(cheng),被(bei)(bei)迫釋放英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)。景(jing)泰(tai)八年(1457年)“奪門之(zhi)變”中英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)復(fu)辟,于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)以(yi)“謀(mou)逆罪(zui)”被(bei)(bei)殺,葬(zang)于(yu)三臺(tai)山。
詳細經歷
于(yu)謙(qian)少年(nian)立(li)志,十(shi)(shi)二歲(sui)的(de)時(shi)候,有個和尚(shang)驚奇于(yu)他的(de)相(xiang)貌,說:“這(zhe)是將來救世的(de)宰相(xiang)呀。”十(shi)(shi)二歲(sui)時(shi)于(yu)謙(qian)即寫下明志詩《石灰吟》。永樂(le)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(1421年(nian))成為(wei)進士。宣德元(yuan)年(nian)(1426年(nian)),漢王朱(zhu)高(gao)煦在樂(le)安州起(qi)兵謀叛(pan),于(yu)謙(qian)隨宣宗朱(zhu)瞻基親征。授御(yu)史,后官(guan)至兵部侍郎(lang)。
正統十(shi)四年(1449年)秋,瓦(wa)剌(la)也先(xian)(xian)大舉侵犯邊疆,宦官王振(zhen)建(jian)議(yi)英(ying)宗親征。八月英(ying)宗在土(tu)木堡之變被瓦(wa)剌(la)俘虜,京師(shi)震動。皇弟(di)郕(cheng)王朱祁鈺監(jian)國,將于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)擢為兵部尚(shang)書,全權負責籌劃(hua)京師(shi)防御。當(dang)時朝廷中有(you)些人主張向南遷都(dou)避敵(di),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)挺身而出(chu),駁斥了各種投降主義(yi)的論(lun)調,提出(chu)“社稷(ji)為重,君(jun)為輕”,堅持(chi)保衛北京,繼(ji)續抗敵(di)。九(jiu)月郕(cheng)王即(ji)帝(di)位,為明代(dai)宗。十(shi)月,也先(xian)(xian)挾(xie)持(chi)英(ying)宗破紫(zi)荊關威脅(xie)京師(shi),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)分遣諸(zhu)將列陣九(jiu)門迎敵(di),并(bing)親自督戰,擊(ji)斃也先(xian)(xian)弟(di)孛羅及平(ping)章卯那孩,取(qu)得京師(shi)保衛戰的勝利(li)。
景泰元年(1450年),也先請求議和(he),同(tong)意歸(gui)還英(ying)宗。八月(yue),明朝接回英(ying)宗,安置南宮,稱上(shang)皇。當時閩浙有(you)葉(xie)宗留、鄧茂七(qi),廣(guang)東有(you)黃(huang)肅(su)養(yang)分別叛亂,湖廣(guang)、廣(guang)西、貴州等(deng)地(di)均(jun)有(you)少數(shu)民族作亂,都被于謙平定。
景泰八年,將軍(jun)(jun)石亨、宦官曹吉祥等,趁景帝病重(zhong),發兵(bing)擁立(li)英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)復(fu)辟。英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)復(fu)位后,石亨和(he)曹吉祥等誣陷于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)制(zhi)造不(bu)(bu)(bu)軌言論,要(yao)另(ling)立(li)太子,唆使科(ke)道官上(shang)奏。都御史蕭(xiao)維(wei)禎審理案件,判(pan)定(ding)于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)犯謀逆罪,判(pan)處死(si)刑(xing)。英(ying)(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)以于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)對國(guo)家有(you)功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍心(xin)殺他,徐有(you)貞(zhen)奏道:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)殺于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian),此舉(ju)為無名”遂以“意(yi)欲”謀逆罪處死(si),其子于(yu)(yu)冕(mian)充(chong)軍(jun)(jun),發戍(shu)山(shan)(shan)西龍門,其妻張氏發戍(shu)山(shan)(shan)海關。《明史》載于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)“死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)日,陰霾四(si)合,天下(xia)冤之(zhi)(zhi)”,籍(ji)沒時家無馀(yu)資。錦衣衛發現(xian)于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)的正屋大鎖(suo)(suo)牢牢鎖(suo)(suo)著,里(li)面放著皇帝御賜的蟒衣、劍器,看(kan)了也忍不(bu)(bu)(bu)住落淚。成(cheng)化(hua)年間(jian),其子于(yu)(yu)冕(mian)獲(huo)赦,上(shang)疏為父平反,明憲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)親自審理,弘治二年(1489年),贈特進(jin)光祿大夫(fu)、柱國(guo)、太傅,謚“肅愍”。葬于(yu)(yu)杭(hang)州(zhou)西湖三臺山(shan)(shan)麓,賜祠(ci)于(yu)(yu)其墓曰“旌功”。萬歷(li)年間(jian),明神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)改謚號“忠(zhong)肅”。留有(you)《于(yu)(yu)忠(zhong)肅集》。后世尊于(yu)(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)為民族英(ying)(ying)雄。
于謙的墓
明成(cheng)化二(er)(er)年(nian)(1466年(nian)),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)冤(yuan)案平(ping)反(fan)昭雪,明弘治(zhi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(1489年(nian)),明孝(xiao)宗(zong)表彰其(qi)為國效忠(zhong)的功績(ji),賜謚(shi)“肅愍”,并在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)旁(pang)建(jian)(jian)旌(jing)功祠,設春秋二(er)(er)祭,形(xing)成(cheng)祠墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)合(he)一格局。1966年(nian),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)區被毀。1982年(nian),重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),將原七座(zuo)墳塋(ying)改(gai)為一座(zuo),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)高2米(mi),青磚環砌,重(zhong)刻墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)碑,上書(shu)“大明少保兼兵部尚書(shu)贈太(tai)傅謚(shi)忠(zhong)肅于(yu)公墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)”,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前設祭桌(zhuo)、香爐。1998年(nian),為紀念于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)誕生600周年(nian),在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側配置仿(fang)明式石(shi)翁仲、石(shi)獸(shou)及牌(pai)坊,整(zheng)治(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)區環境,修(xiu)復于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祠,建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)景區。在這次湖西(xi)綜合(he)保護工程中(zhong),于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祠又經(jing)保護整(zheng)修(xiu),恢復了于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祠牌(pai)坊和甬道,現已成(cheng)為湖西(xi)重(zhong)要的人文景觀。于(yu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為浙江省省級文物保護單位。
原墓坐西朝東(dong),呈馬蹄形,有(you)七座墳,墓側建旌功(gong)祠,又名于(yu)謙(qian)祠,南北寬23米,進深30米,墓道(dao)長(chang)90米。后毀(hui)于(yu)1966年,今(jin)于(yu)謙(qian)墓為1982年重(zhong)建。對于(yu)謙(qian),清代袁(yuan)枚曾贊頌(song)道(dao):“賴于(yu)岳于(yu)雙少(shao)保,人間始(shi)覺(jue)重(zhong)西湖(hu)”。
2006年05月25日,于(yu)謙墓作為明至清古(gu)墓葬(zang),被國(guo)務院批準列入第六批全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位名單。