簡介
石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)被稱為石(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng),廣義上它是(shi)如今南(nan)京(jing)的別稱,狹(xia)義上它是(shi)指南(nan)京(jing)老城(cheng)城(cheng)西的石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)。孫權在(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)山(shan)修建了(le)(le)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng),用它作(zuo)為保(bao)護東(dong)吳京(jing)師建業的資本;預備(bei)軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai),石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)基地(di)多建造了(le)(le)烽火臺,在(zai)軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)上,用來(lai)立即(ji)發出報警信(xin)號。后來(lai),金將軍(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)俊率海軍(jun)(jun)進攻東(dong)吳,東(dong)吳家連鎖(suo)橫江塊,晉軍(jun)(jun)斷鏈。導致(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)失守(shou),不得人心(xin)的國(guo)王(wang)(wang)孫皓(hao)趕緊投降。劉禹(yu)錫有詩詠和事(shi):“王(wang)(wang)濬樓(lou)船下益州,金陵王(wang)(wang)氣黯然收。”
后來,長江已逐漸西遷(qian),并在石頭(tou)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)流泥沙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉積(ji),變得平坦。石頭(tou)城不(bu)再是這么危險。朱園建設天府石頭(tou)城市(shi)(shi)為天府市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分。石頭(tou)山如(ru)今是涼爽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山區。這是在西方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he),是一條(tiao)河(he)天然(ran)(ran)石材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。建造(zao)石頭(tou)城,天然(ran)(ran)石材(cai)是城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分。
歷史沿革
石頭(tou)城(cheng)全長約(yue)3000米 ,筑于(yu)楚(chu)威王七年(nian)(nian)(前333年(nian)(nian))。東漢建安(an)十六年(nian)(nian)(211年(nian)(nian)),吳國孫權遷至秣陵(今南京),在石頭(tou)山金陵邑原址筑城(cheng),取名石頭(tou)。扼守長江險要(yao),為兵(bing)家(jia)必爭(zheng)之地,有石城(cheng)虎踞之稱。
在(zai)南京的清(qing)涼山(shan)(shan)西麓(lu),自虎踞關龍蟠里(li)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)到草場(chang)門(men),可以看到城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)逶迤雄峙,石(shi)崖聳(song)立,這就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)依山(shan)(shan)而筑的石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)。同(tong)治(zhi)《上江(jiang)兩縣志(zhi).山(shan)(shan)考》載(zai):“自江(jiang)北以來(lai),山(shan)(shan)皆無石(shi),至此山(shan)(shan)始有(you)石(shi),故名。”《建康志(zhi)》也說:“山(shan)(shan)上有(you)城(cheng)(cheng),又(you)名曰石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)山(shan)(shan)。”這里(li)所說的“城(cheng)(cheng)”,也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)。
關于(yu)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)由來,要(yao)追溯到(dao)兩千多年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)。據史書記載,周顯王(wang)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)333年(nian)(nian)(nian)),楚國(guo)(都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郢,即(ji)今湖北江(jiang)陵(ling))滅了(le)越(yue)國(guo)(都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吳,即(ji)今蘇(su)州(zhou)(zhou)),楚威王(wang)設置(zhi)金陵(ling)邑,并在(zai)(zai)今清(qing)涼(liang)山上筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。秦(qin)始皇二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)223年(nian)(nian)(nian)),楚國(guo)滅亡(wang),秦(qin)改金陵(ling)邑為(wei)(wei)秣(mo)陵(ling)縣(xian)。相傳(chuan)三(san)(san)國(guo)時(shi)(shi),諸葛亮(liang)在(zai)(zai)赤(chi)壁(bi)之(zhi)戰(zhan)前(qian)夕,出(chu)使(shi)東吳,與孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)共商(shang)破曹大(da)計。據說,諸葛亮(liang)途經秣(mo)陵(ling)縣(xian)時(shi)(shi),特地(di)騎馬到(dao)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)山觀察山川形勢。他看到(dao)以(yi)鐘山為(wei)(wei)首(shou)的(de)(de)群(qun)山,像蒼龍(long)一(yi)般(ban)蜿(wan)蜒(yan)蟠伏于(yu)東南,而以(yi)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)山為(wei)(wei)終點的(de)(de)西(xi)部(bu)諸山,又像猛虎似地(di)雄踞在(zai)(zai)大(da)江(jiang)之(zhi)濱,于(yu)是發出(chu)了(le)“鐘山龍(long)蟠,石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)虎踞,真乃帝王(wang)之(zhi)宅也”的(de)(de)贊嘆,并向(xiang)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)建(jian)議遷都(dou)(dou)(dou)秣(mo)陵(ling)。 孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)在(zai)(zai)赤(chi)壁(bi)之(zhi)戰(zhan)后(hou),遷移(yi)到(dao)秣(mo)陵(ling)(今南京),并改稱秣(mo)陵(ling)為(wei)(wei)建(jian)業(ye)。第二年(nian)(nian)(nian)就在(zai)(zai)清(qing)涼(liang)山原有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基上修建(jian)了(le)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當時(shi)(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)就從清(qing)涼(liang)山下(xia)流過(guo),因而石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事地(di)位(wei)十(shi)(shi)分突出(chu),孫(sun)(sun)(sun)吳也一(yi)直將(jiang)此(ci)處作為(wei)(wei)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)水軍(jun)(jun)基地(di)。此(ci)后(hou)數百年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,這里成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)戰(zhan)守的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事重鎮,南北戰(zhan)爭,往往以(yi)奪取(qu)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決定勝負。 石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)清(qing)涼(liang)山西(xi)坡(po)天然峭(qiao)壁(bi)為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,環山筑(zhu)造,周長(chang)“七里一(yi)百步”,相當于(yu)如今的(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)里左右。北緣大(da)江(jiang),南抵秦(qin)淮河口,南開二門(men)(men)(men),東開一(yi)門(men)(men)(men),南門(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)西(xi)門(men)(men)(men),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)依(yi)山傍水,夾淮帶江(jiang),險固現時(shi)(shi)勢威。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內設置(zhi)有石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)庫、石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)倉(cang),用以(yi)儲軍(jun)(jun)糧和(he)兵械。在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)高(gao)處筑(zhu)有報(bao)警的(de)(de)烽火臺,可以(yi)隨時(shi)(shi)發出(chu)預(yu)報(bao)敵軍(jun)(jun)侵犯(fan)的(de)(de)信(xin)號。至南朝(chao)時(shi)(shi),石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)(wei)保衛都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事要(yao)塞的(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)依(yi)舊未變。 古代(dai)長(chang)江(jiang)繞清(qing)涼(liang)山麓東去,巨浪時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)拍擊山壁(bi),將(jiang)山崖沖刷成(cheng)峭(qiao)壁(bi)。隋文(wen)帝滅陳、平毀建(jian)康城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou),在(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置(zhi)蔣州(zhou)(zhou),唐(tang)代(dai)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設揚州(zhou)(zhou)大(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)督府,石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)隋朝(chao)和(he)初唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)是南京地(di)區的(de)(de)中心(xin)。
唐(tang)代以后江水日漸西(xi)移,自唐(tang)武(wu)德八年(nian)(nian)(625年(nian)(nian))后,石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)便開始廢棄,故中唐(tang)詩人劉禹錫作《石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》一(yi)詩云(yun):“山圍故國周遭在,潮打空城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寂寞回(hui)。淮水東(dong)邊舊時月,夜深還(huan)過(guo)女墻來。”詩人筆下的石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),已是一(yi)座荒蕪寂寞的“空城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”了(le)。五代時期(qi)(924年(nian)(nian))。石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)興建了(le)第一(yi)座寺廟——興教寺,以后這里就成為(wei)寺廟、書院集中的風景名勝區了(le)。直(zhi)到(dao)今天,它仍(reng)以“石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)虎踞”的雄姿享譽中外(wai)。
據地質學研究(jiu),這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)巖層是距今大(da)約1億年到7000萬年前的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚白堊紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)浦口(kou)(kou)組(zu)地層, 在清涼門到草(cao)場門之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻下面,有一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)橢圓形石壁,長約6米,寬(kuan)3米,因為長年風化(hua),礫石剝落,坑坑洼洼,斑斑點點,中間(jian)還雜有紫黑(hei)相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巖塊(kuai)(kuai),怪石嶙峋,遠看隱約可見耳(er)目口(kou)(kou)鼻(bi),酷似一(yi)副猙(zheng)獰的(de)(de)(de)(de)鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian),被稱為“鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。南(nan)京民間(jian)中有關鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)很多(duo)。相(xiang)傳(chuan)這塊(kuai)(kuai)巖石原來猶如刀(dao)削一(yi)般,光(guang)滑如境。如今在鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西側確有一(yi)處清亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)池塘,從水面的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側可以看到鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倒影,老南(nan)京人俗稱之為“鬼(gui)臉(lian)(lian)照鏡子”。
這一神奇的(de)(de)傳說,吸引了無數的(de)(de)中外游(you)人。石頭城遺址已(yi)被列為(wei)(wei)江蘇省重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單位,成為(wei)(wei)人們踏青覓翠、發思古之幽情的(de)(de)好(hao)去處(chu)。
南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)因就(jiu)自(zi)然山(shan)巖(yan)鑿(zao)成,中段有幾(ji)塊蕩紅(hong)色砂礫巖(yan)因經古(gu)時長(chang)江(jiang)水(shui)沖刷而凹(ao)凸不平(ping),有如獸面(mian),故俗稱鬼臉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長(chang)約3000米,南(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian)開2門,東面(mian)開1門,西(xi)北因緊(jin)靠長(chang)江(jiang),故不設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門。當時,石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為孫(sun)吳水(shui)師的(de)(de)總部,江(jiang)泊常有上千艘(sou)船只。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)建(jian)有石頭(tou)(tou)倉庫(ku),用來儲存糧食、兵器等物(wu)資。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)最高處還建(jian)有孫(sun)吳的(de)(de)烽(feng)火(huo)(huo)臺。據說一旦(dan)發現敵情,在烽(feng)火(huo)(huo)臺一舉烽(feng)火(huo)(huo),半日內(nei)即可傳遍長(chang)江(jiang)沿線。石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地勢險峻,自(zi)古(gu)就(jiu)有“石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)虎踞”之稱。以后(hou)由于(yu)長(chang)江(jiang)河道逐漸西(xi)移,石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)軍事價值有所減弱。明代(dai)朱(zhu)元璋定都南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)后(hou),于(yu)洪武(wu)二年興(xing)建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,此處石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)便成了南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)一部分。如今石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)是(shi)聞名中外的(de)(de)歷史古(gu)跡,也(ye)是(shi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)重要的(de)(de)旅游勝(sheng)地之一。
在南京石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西,景色(se)清(qing)(qing)幽,有“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市山林”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。清(qing)(qing)涼山上,名勝古(gu)跡隨(sui)處(chu)可尋,有“駐馬坡”、“南唐(tang)古(gu)井”、“清(qing)(qing)涼寺”、“崇正書院”及“掃葉樓”等。石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在清(qing)(qing)涼山后(hou),南北全長約3000米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)遺跡為(wei)赭紅色(se),內有大量河光石,一般高出地表0.3-0.7米(mi),最高處(chu)為(wei)17米(mi),系(xi)自然山巖鑿成。東(dong)晉義熙年間(jian)(405-418)加磚累(lei)甓,明洪武(wu)二年(1369年)石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)應(ying)天府城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今南京)的一部分重加修(xiu)建。交通:乘游4路,6、21、23、60、75、91、302路車可達。
公園建設
1990年,南京市在石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)址上興建了(le)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭城(cheng)公(gong)園。公(gong)園以“石(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)懷古(gu)”為主(zhu)題(ti),將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)悠久歷(li)史與自然山水有機結合,將(jiang)古(gu)代(dai)戰場與現代(dai)國防(fang)教育融為一體,規(gui)劃總面(mian)積近16.94公(gong)頃, 以古(gu)城(cheng)墻為軸線,體現歷(li)史文(wen)化古(gu)都的(de)(de)(de)特色。北起清涼(liang)山體校,南至(zhi)清涼(liang)門,西(xi)臨古(gu)城(cheng)墻,東(dong)到虎(hu)踞(ju)路(lu)。
石(shi)(shi)頭城(cheng)又稱“鬼(gui)臉(lian)城(cheng)”,是(shi)三國東吳(wu)時(shi)期孫權(quan)在赤壁(bi)之(zhi)戰后, 于公元211年將(jiang)首府由京口(今鎮(zhen)江)遷(qian)至(zhi)秣陵(今南京),利用清涼山的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)石(shi)(shi)壁(bi)建(jian)立的(de)(de)軍事(shi)要塞,地勢險要,氣勢雄偉,是(shi)歷(li)(li)史滄桑(sang)的(de)(de)實物見(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)。站(zhan)于此地,最能領會劉禹錫《西塞山懷古》和譽(yu)為登臨(lin)之(zhi)絕(jue)唱(chang)的(de)(de)王安石(shi)(shi)《桂枝香》-金(jin)陵懷古詞的(de)(de)意境。“鬼(gui)臉(lian)照鏡(jing)子” 是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個在歷(li)(li)史上即聞(wen)名(ming)的(de)(de)景(jing)點,因在城(cheng)墻中部(bu)有一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)突出墻體的(de)(de)橢圓(yuan)形石(shi)(shi)壁(bi),遠看隱約(yue)可見(jian)(jian)(jian)耳目口鼻(bi),酷(ku)似一(yi)(yi)副鬼(gui)臉(lian),因此被稱為“鬼(gui)臉(lian)”,“鬼(gui)臉(lian)” 下的(de)(de)這面水(shui)塘” 鏡(jing)” 的(de)(de)面積有1600多(duo)平方(fang)米。公園(yuan)重修時(shi),著名(ming)的(de)(de)燕(yan)王河景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)也(ye)從歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)覆蓋中清理出來,重見(jian)(jian)(jian)天(tian)日,成為一(yi)(yi)條兩岸郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥蔥的(de)(de)清流。不論遠觀(guan)(guan)還是(shi)就近審視,城(cheng)墻垂柳,碧(bi)水(shui)綠樹,都是(shi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)絕(jue)佳的(de)(de)景(jing)致。
石頭城公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)劃分為國防春(chun)曉(xiao)、石城霽雪(xue)(xue)和(he)山居(ju)秋(qiu)(qiu)瞑三大景區(qu),設21個景點。石城霽雪(xue)(xue)區(qu)位于公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)西側,北(bei)至清涼山,南至清涼門,沿古(gu)城墻呈帶狀分布,是石頭城公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)精華所在, 是金陵(ling)四十八景之一(yi)。而山居(ju)秋(qiu)(qiu)瞑區(qu)在公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)東側的(de)山林地帶,植被(bei)濃(nong)密,生機(ji)盎(ang)然,留(liu)(liu)連其中(zhong),可(ke)感受到(dao)盛唐時代著(zhu)名的(de)詩(shi)人王維那首(shou)著(zhu)名田園(yuan)(yuan)詩(shi)的(de)意境:空山新雨后(hou),天氣晚(wan)來秋(qiu)(qiu)。 明月(yue)松間照,清泉(quan)石上流。竹(zhu)喧歸浣女(nv),蓮動下(xia)漁舟。隨意春(chun)芳歇,王孫(sun)自可(ke)留(liu)(liu)。清涼山和(he)石頭城一(yi)帶有“城市山林”之美稱,雨后(hou)秋(qiu)(qiu)清氣爽的(de)日子(zi)游(you)覽(lan),當會感覺名不虛傳(chuan),不復有元代薩都剌《登(deng)石頭城》一(yi)詞的(de)凄楚(chu)與傷感。
跨過虎踞路,清涼山(shan)公(gong)園(yuan)與之(zhi)遙相呼應,一(yi)雄(xiong)渾壯闊,一(yi)寧靜深沉,互(hu)為映襯。