午門(men)(men)作為宮城南(nan)大門(men)(men)(正(zheng)門(men)(men)),中門(men)(men)只走帝(di)后鑾(luan)駕,左右側門(men)(men)也(ye)只有公、侯、駙馬(ma)、文官(guan)三品(pin)和武官(guan)四品(pin)以上(shang)的官(guan)員(yuan)才準許出(chu)入(ru),其他品(pin)級只能走兩闕門(men)(men)入(ru),兩掖門(men)(men)出(chu)。午門(men)(men)除了是官(guan)員(yuan)出(chu)入(ru)之(zhi)門(men)(men)外,還是傳達(da)圣旨及朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)告書(shu)的地方,也(ye)是皇帝(di)處罰大臣(chen)“廷(ting)(ting)杖”之(zhi)地。
南(nan)京(jing)故宮午門(men)在營建之(zhi)初并無雙闕(que),明(ming)(ming)洪武(wu)八年(1375年)因朱元(yuan)璋下詔放棄(qi)營建明(ming)(ming)中(zhong)都(dou),集中(zhong)力量修建南(nan)京(jing)都(dou)城,增設兩闕(que)(包括左右(you)闕(que)門(men))及左右(you)掖門(men)。
午(wu)門(men)是(shi)宮(gong)城的正大門(men),是(shi)一(yi)座三孔門(men)卷兩邊有雙闋(que)的雄偉建筑。樓頂有漂亮奢(she)華(hua)的儀(yi)鳳樓,整(zheng)個午(wu)門(men)平面呈一(yi)個倒寫的“凹(ao)”字型,兩邊是(shi)伸長出(chu)去的雙闋(que),雙闋(que)源自秦漢(han)時(shi)期的建筑形式,到了明故宮(gong)時(shi)期的午(wu)門(men)雙闋(que)已經是(shi)這種建筑形式的最后殘余了。
民國十(shi)三年(1924年)午(wu)門(men)(men)雙闋(que)因建(jian)明(ming)故(gu)宮機場被拆(chai)除(chu),只留下了(le)一(yi)座三孔門(men)(men)洞,午(wu)門(men)(men)之(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)五鳳樓(lou)也(ye)(ye)早已(yi)毀圮。從午(wu)門(men)(men)上(shang)精美(mei)的(de)(de)纏枝如意紋須彌座來看(kan),這種簡約但唯(wei)美(mei)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾代表了(le)明(ming)初高規格的(de)(de)建(jian)筑風(feng)(feng)格,也(ye)(ye)永久的(de)(de)影響了(le)后(hou)來的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格,樓(lou)頂(ding)殘留的(de)(de)百余(yu)座寬大的(de)(de)柱礎,還能(neng)管窺原來上(shang)面儀鳳樓(lou)的(de)(de)輝煌。午(wu)門(men)(men)遺址以及(ji)后(hou)面的(de)(de)奉天門(men)(men)遺址現在已(yi)經一(yi)起被開辟為午(wu)朝門(men)(men)公園(yuan),為政府公益性的(de)(de)公園(yuan)。
如今的午(wu)門(men)(men)本色,漢白玉(yu)須(xu)彌座和三孔券門(men)(men)均(jun)(jun)保存完好,站(zhan)在午(wu)門(men)(men)之(zhi)上還可以(yi)遠眺(tiao)御(yu)道(dao)街。在南京民間還傳有(you)“午(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)”和“五(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)”之(zhi)名,皆因(yin)午(wu)門(men)(men)的三門(men)(men)加左右兩掖門(men)(men),合計五(wu)門(men)(men),且均(jun)(jun)為上朝(chao)之(zhi)門(men)(men),故(gu)有(you)此名。
奉(feng)天(tian)門(men)始建于1366年(元至正二十六年),從午門(men)入(ru),過內五龍(long)橋,便是奉(feng)天(tian)門(men),門(men)內為奉(feng)天(tian)殿(dian)。奉(feng)天(tian)門(men)遺址(zhi)東西長58米,南北寬30米。奉(feng)天(tian)門(men)是皇(huang)帝接(jie)見大(da)臣議事的(de)地方,即“御門(men)聽政(zheng)”之所(suo)。永樂初(chu),明成祖朱棣曾在此舉(ju)行(xing)國(guo)宴接(jie)見過渤泥國(guo)王一行(xing)。
與(yu)西(xi)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)相對應的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),是(shi)現(xian)在南京(jing)明(ming)(ming)代宮城僅存的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)城門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)過去長(chang)期被南京(jing)冶金器材(cai)廠(chang)圈占,成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)垃圾堆,一(yi)般人根本(ben)無(wu)從知道(dao)。隨著(zhu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)遺址公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)(de)建成(cheng),大(da)(da)家終于可以一(yi)睹東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)雄姿。東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)西(xi)安門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小,形制(zhi)相似,但和(he)西(xi)安門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)區別是(shi),其(qi)須彌座(zuo)(zuo)都為(wei)素面(mian),沒有(you)(you)卷葉紋的(de)(de)雕飾,風格顯(xian)(xian)得比較簡(jian)樸。這一(yi)點(dian)真實(shi)的(de)(de)反映了(le)當年朱元璋要求簡(jian)樸建宮殿的(de)(de)命令(ling)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)南北兩(liang)面(mian)有(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)城墻(qiang)拆(chai)斷痕跡,城樓頂上(shang)的(de)(de)儀鳳樓早已無(wu)存,并且(qie)曾有(you)(you)破壞。東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)已被修復開放,為(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)遺址公(gong)園(yuan),其(qi)南面(mian)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)券內仍保留著(zhu)明(ming)(ming)代的(de)(de)路面(mian),城樓頂有(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)代儀鳳樓遺跡石礎,能(neng)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)看出廊(lang)廡遺跡。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門(men)(men)遺(yi)址(zhi),與(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門(men)(men)在東西(xi)(xi)(xi)一(yi)條中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)上。2001年,在此施工(gong)的(de)單位無意中(zhong)挖掘(jue)出(chu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi),僅(jin)存三座門(men)(men)券的(de)須(xu)彌座和(he)磚石路(lu)面,這(zhe)使得西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門(men)(men)被長期以(yi)(yi)來(lai)被誤傳為西(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)現象徹底被證(zheng)實。從位置上來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)緊鄰護城河;從形(xing)制上來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)僅(jin)存的(de)須(xu)彌座和(he)東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)一(yi)模一(yi)樣(yang),都為素(su)面,所以(yi)(yi)現在的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)準確無疑。
過去被長期(qi)誤稱為(wei)“西華門(men)(men)”的(de)(de)西安(an)門(men)(men)是明故宮皇城的(de)(de)西面的(de)(de)一道城門(men)(men),由于(yu)整(zheng)個皇城偏在(zai)南京(jing)城東(dong)(dong)南,出(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)東(dong)(dong)安(an)門(men)(men)便(bian)是朝陽門(men)(men)(今中山門(men)(men)),出(chu)(chu)(chu)朝陽門(men)(men)就出(chu)(chu)(chu)城了(le),西安(an)門(men)(men)是進出(chu)(chu)(chu)皇城的(de)(de)城門(men)(men),故其使用頻率較高(gao),西安(an)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)規格很高(gao),僅次于(yu)午門(men)(men),門(men)(men)外(東(dong)(dong))有(you)一座寬(kuan)大的(de)(de)玄津橋(qiao)(至今尚(shang)存),可見當年此門(men)(men)的(de)(de)重要。
而修復之前,西(xi)安門長期被淹沒在(zai)雜亂的現代垃(la)圾(ji)建筑之中(一直作為某(mou)單位的倉(cang)庫,周圍是金城機械廠的宿舍(she)),如果不(bu)是當(dang)地(di)的居民,一般(ban)都(dou)不(bu)會知道南京還有這樣(yang)(yang)一座城門。修復挖掘之后,我們(men)看(kan)到(dao)了以前看(kan)不(bu)到(dao)的的情況,西(xi)安門的須彌(mi)座和(he)午門的須彌(mi)座一模一樣(yang)(yang),都(dou)是刻有典型明初(chu)風格的卷葉(xie)紋樣(yang)(yang)的裝飾的石構件,北面(mian)的門券內還保留(liu)著明代的路面(mian)。
西安門(men)和其它的城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)不同(tong),從現場挖(wa)掘的遺址來看(kan),一(yi)邊的須(xu)彌座一(yi)直向(xiang)(xiang)南三十(shi)余米(mi),折向(xiang)(xiang)東也有二十(shi)余米(mi)的須(xu)彌座,可(ke)以推(tui)測出西安門(men)當(dang)年(nian)規模(mo)較大(da),并(bing)且不與城(cheng)(cheng)墻在一(yi)條線(xian)上,整個城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)向(xiang)(xiang)外凸出,在門(men)內形成了一(yi)個小廣場,象一(yi)個小甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)。而當(dang)年(nian)真實的造型已經無(wu)法看(kan)出,由此可(ke)管(guan)窺當(dang)年(nian)明故宮建筑的“神秘”,估計(ji)當(dang)年(nian)東安門(men)也有此類設(she)計(ji)。
玄津橋(qiao)在(zai)中山東路(lu)逸仙橋(qiao)南,為(wei)三孔石拱橋(qiao),長41.6米,寬19.1米,始建(jian)于明(ming)初時,玄津橋(qiao)原橋(qiao)面、橋(qiao)欄(lan)兩(liang)端各(ge)有(you)一對石獅。明(ming)末橋(qiao)兩(liang)側還建(jian)有(you)游廊。1981年橋(qiao)面改瀝青(qing)路(lu)面,橋(qiao)欄(lan)用水泥補砌。玄津橋(qiao)在(zai)明(ming)初為(wei)皇(huang)城(cheng)西華(hua)門出入要道,跨古楊(yang)吳城(cheng)壕。清代為(wei)避康熙(xi)帝玄燁之諱,改為(wei)元津橋(qiao)。
1929年為迎(ying)接孫中山先生靈梓而辟中山東(dong)路并建逸仙橋(qiao),玄津橋(qiao)不在做(zuo)為交通要道。2001年仿照(zhao)明代風格(ge)用漢白玉修(xiu)復了橋(qiao)欄。
明洪武元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(1368年(nian)),按(an)左祖右社之制,明太祖朱元(yuan)(yuan)璋定四親廟之祭于南(nan)京(jing),其制為每廟一主,廟皆南(nan)向,繚(liao)以周垣;
明洪武九(jiu)年(nian)(1376年(nian))改建太廟(miao)(miao),恢復了前廟(miao)(miao)后寢制(zhi)度。正殿(dian)幾(ji)座止設衣(yi)冠而不奉神主,又以(yi)親王配(pei)(pei)享于東壁,功臣(chen)配(pei)(pei)享于西壁。寢殿(dian)九(jiu)間(jian),分間(jian)奉藏神主,為同堂異(yi)室之制(zhi)。“幾(ji)席(xi)床榻(ta)、衾褥軍施、筐笥帷慢器皿之屬,皆如(ru)事(shi)生之儀”,明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建北京太廟(miao)(miao),規制(zhi)與(yu)南(nan)京同。
明太(tai)祖吳元年(nian)(nian)(1367年(nian)(nian))落(luo)成南(nan)京社(she)(she)(she)稷(ji)壇(tan),如(ru)元制,為(wei)異壇(tan)同譴之(zhi)制,兩壇(tan)相(xiang)去五丈(zhang),太(tai)社(she)(she)(she)在東,太(tai)稷(ji)在西,壇(tan)而(er)不屋(wu),若遇(yu)風(feng)雨,則于齋宮(gong)望祭。洪武(wu)三年(nian)(nian)(1370年(nian)(nian))于壇(tan)北建(jian)享(xiang)殿五間(jian),又北建(jian)拜(bai)殿五間(jian),以備風(feng)雨。洪武(wu)十年(nian)(nian)(1377年(nian)(nian)),太(tai)祖朱(zhu)元璋認為(wei)社(she)(she)(she)稷(ji)分為(wei)二壇(tan)祭祀不合經(jing)典,于是按(an)“左祖右(you)社(she)(she)(she)”古制,改作社(she)(she)(she)稷(ji)壇(tan)于午門外之(zhi)右(you),社(she)(she)(she)稷(ji)共為(wei)一壇(tan)。
明故(gu)宮散(san)(san)落遺跡(ji)眾多,包括地上地下的(de),和(he)流(liu)散(san)(san)文物,此處僅為部分散(san)(san)落遺跡(ji)。
南京桂林石(shi)屋(wu)遺址(zhi)內的(de)(de)一(yi)些明故(gu)宮遺跡,有柱欄、石(shi)螭(chi)等,是原國(guo)民黨(dang)主(zhu)席林森修建自己的(de)(de)別墅桂林石(shi)屋(wu)特意從明故(gu)宮遺址(zhi)上“調(diao)用”的(de)(de)一(yi)批石(shi)雕。
浙江菩陀山法雨(yu)(yu)寺(si)中(zhong)的(de)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)遺跡(ji):清(qing)(qing)康(kang)熙三十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(1699年(nian)(nian)),經康(kang)熙批準,拆遷南(nan)京(jing)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿殿琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa),九(jiu)龍(long)藻(zao)井(jing),丹(dan)(dan)陛等物發往法雨(yu)(yu)寺(si)建(jian)成九(jiu)龍(long)大(da)殿(又稱(cheng)圓通殿),九(jiu)龍(long)殿為國內寺(si)院建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規格(ge)高的(de)一(yi)座佛殿。法雨(yu)(yu)寺(si)中(zhong)還保(bao)留了原本為明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)丹(dan)(dan)陛、欄板、九(jiu)龍(long)藻(zao)井(jing)以及大(da)量的(de)屋頂琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa)、琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian),每一(yi)件(jian)(jian)都十(shi)(shi)分精彩,彌(mi)足珍貴。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)珍貴的(de)是從明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)殿拆來九(jiu)龍(long)藻(zao)井(jing),被(bei)安置在法雨(yu)(yu)寺(si)九(jiu)龍(long)殿內中(zhong)間頂部,九(jiu)條(tiao)木雕金龍(long)依(yi)然完好,經過修(xiu)葺(qi)但還基本保(bao)持(chi)原樣,充分反(fan)映出(chu)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)重(zhong)氣(qi)勢而(er)不追求過分華麗的(de)“簡樸”風格(ge)。從法雨(yu)(yu)寺(si)九(jiu)龍(long)殿琉(liu)(liu)璃頂上的(de)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)以及其(qi)(qi)它一(yi)些(xie)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)來看,包括瓦(wa)當、滴水、正脊(ji)、垂獸、截獸、正吻等,與后(hou)來的(de)中(zhong)國明(ming)清(qing)(qing)官式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)十(shi)(shi)分相象,可(ke)見明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge),裝飾風格(ge)為中(zhong)國明(ming)清(qing)(qing)官式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)樣板,影響(xiang)其(qi)(qi)后(hou)幾百年(nian)(nian)至今。
明代洪(hong)武(wu)年間的(de)(de)陶瓷龍紋(wen)(wen)傳世(shi)不多,而南京故宮出土的(de)(de)洪(hong)武(wu)白釉紅彩龍紋(wen)(wen)盤是(shi)有代表(biao)性的(de)(de)。其龍紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)造型基本上保持著(zhu)元代龍紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang):頭(tou)小,頸細,身(shen)細長(chang),鱗狀(zhuang)龍紋(wen)(wen),周圍襯托以(yi)火焰(yan)紋(wen)(wen),如意頭(tou)狀(zhuang)朵云;頭(tou)的(de)(de)疏毛(mao)和肘(zhou)的(de)(de)毛(mao)比元代更少,僅(jin)三、四條而矣;龍爪五趾,改變了元代時三、四趾的(de)(de)現象,而且這(zhe)時的(de)(de)五趾相靠較近。
1995年(nian)8月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬,在明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)皇城遺址(zhi)內,玉帶(dai)河西(xi)側(ce)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)地發現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)口古(gu)井。井直徑(jing)3米(mi),井壁(bi)使用了(le)(le)(le)楔形磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng),古(gu)井早年(nian)荒廢,在淘井過程中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)井底(di)(di)橫放一(yi)(yi)(yi)排方木(mu),在木(mu)排上(shang)淤泥(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)出土了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。有(you)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)盞(zhan)、白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)盤(pan)、白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)爵(jue)杯(bei)和中(zhong)(zhong)國發現(xian)在白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)用紅(hong)色(se)書寫“賞(shang)賜(si)”的(de)(de)梅(mei)瓶(ping)。經(jing)國內多位古(gu)陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)專(zhuan)家鑒定,定為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國惟(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)“賞(shang)賜(si)”梅(mei)瓶(ping),現(xian)存于南京博物院(yuan),為(wei)(wei)國家級(ji)國寶藏(zang)品。此(ci)梅(mei)瓶(ping)高34厘米(mi)、底(di)(di)徑(jing)10.5厘米(mi)。細頸、豐肩、瘦長(chang)腹、下(xia)腹微斂,脛部(bu)外撇。腹部(bu)有(you)兩(liang)道明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)胎(tai)接痕,底(di)(di)部(bu)斑駁釉(you)(you)(you)(you)跡。呈色(se)介于元樞俯(fu)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)和明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)永(yong)樂(le)甜(tian)白之間,肩部(bu)豎寫楷書“賞(shang)賜(si)”二(er)字,為(wei)(wei)鐵紅(hong)料釉(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩。此(ci)梅(mei)瓶(ping)和洪(hong)武(wu)十二(er)年(nian)吳(wu)禎墓出土的(de)(de)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)梅(mei)瓶(ping)相比,更(geng)接近(jin)元代(dai)風格(ge),為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)早期(qi)產(chan)品,是(shi)景德鎮(zhen)洪(hong)武(wu)官窯為(wei)(wei)朱元璋專(zhuan)門(men)燒制的(de)(de)酒器。井中(zhong)(zhong)還出土了(le)(le)(le)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)、白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)、白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)爵(jue)杯(bei)。這(zhe)批白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)制作規范,釉(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)溫潤,有(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)永(yong)樂(le)甜(tian)白之氣。盤(pan)、盞(zhan)底(di)(di)足(zu)平切(qie),均為(wei)(wei)細砂底(di)(di)。但(dan)無一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)有(you)永(yong)樂(le)刻(ke)款,應晚于“賞(shang)賜(si)”梅(mei)瓶(ping),是(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)永(yong)樂(le)甜(tian)白的(de)(de)前身。值得一(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)的(de)(de)是(shi)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)暗花五爪(zhua)龍紋(wen)(wen)產(chan)品。從(cong)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)看此(ci)類盞(zhan)與(yu)其他(ta)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)無任何(he)區別,在燈光照下(xia)薄薄的(de)(de)盞(zhan)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)錐刻(ke)精美的(de)(de)五爪(zhua)龍紋(wen)(wen),白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)壁(bi)模印五爪(zhua)龍紋(wen)(wen),盤(pan)心有(you)淺刻(ke)三(san)朵云紋(wen)(wen)和寶杵紋(wen)(wen)。兩(liang)種紋(wen)(wen)飾是(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)時期(qi)典(dian)型的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)紋(wen)(wen)飾。特別是(shi)白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)爵(jue)杯(bei),是(shi)帝王祭祀用品,生產(chan)數(shu)量(liang)極少,非常珍貴。這(zhe)批白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)出土,證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)(le)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)早期(qi)洪(hong)武(wu)官窯的(de)(de)存在,反映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)早期(qi)白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)貌。
2003年6月,南京航空航天大(da)(da)(da)學綜合辦公大(da)(da)(da)樓建(jian)(jian)設工地發現一(yi)座古(gu)水井(jing)(jing),土了(le)大(da)(da)(da)批明(ming)(ming)代(dai)珍(zhen)貴(gui)文物,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)件(jian)(jian)龍(long)泉青(qing)瓷(ci)大(da)(da)(da)罐,制作甚(shen)精,堪稱明(ming)(ming)代(dai)龍(long)泉青(qing)瓷(ci)少(shao)(shao)有(you)(you)的(de)發現,對于探討明(ming)(ming)代(dai)龍(long)泉官(guan)窯(yao)燒造以及元明(ming)(ming)龍(long)泉青(qing)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)演變具有(you)(you)重要意義。井(jing)(jing)內水位(wei)較高(gao),而(er)無淤(yu)泥,大(da)(da)(da)量填(tian)充于內的(de)是明(ming)(ming)代(dai)各(ge)(ge)種建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)不少(shao)(shao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)發黑,似(si)火燒后留下的(de)痕跡。根據材(cai)質的(de)不同,可以將出土文物分(fen)為(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、金屬器(qi)(qi)(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)除(chu)少(shao)(shao)量韓瓶,余皆為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)又以琉璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)宗。琉璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)均為(wei)黃(huang)色(se),包(bao)括各(ge)(ge)種龍(long)紋瓦(wa)當、滴水,各(ge)(ge)種尺寸的(de)板瓦(wa)、筒(tong)瓦(wa),角套獸(shou)(shou)殘(can)件(jian)(jian),壓脊獸(shou)(shou)殘(can)件(jian)(jian),吻獸(shou)(shou)殘(can)件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要是方形(xing)鋪(pu)地磚、石(shi)欄桿柱頭殘(can)件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。金屬器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要是用于門(men)窗(chuang)的(de)各(ge)(ge)種構(gou)件(jian)(jian)和裝飾器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian),如大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的(de)銅門(men)窩(wo)、圓形(xing)或方形(xing)銅柱帽、云形(xing)銅飾件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),除(chu)此以外還有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)面(mian)積的(de)銅絲網,金屬器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿等(deng)(deng)。
南(nan)(nan)京明(ming)故宮遺(yi)(yi)址公園(yuan)位于南(nan)(nan)京市城東原(yuan)明(ming)朝(chao)皇城遺(yi)(yi)址,南(nan)(nan)邊以中山東路為界,與午朝(chao)門(men)公園(yuan)隔路相望(wang),北(bei)面至北(bei)安門(men)橋,由東西兩(liang)側(ce)明(ming)故宮路圍(wei)合的部分占地約55474平方(fang)米,遺(yi)(yi)址被分為南(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩(liang)部分。
2005年(nian)和2006年(nian)的(de)環(huan)境綜合(he)整(zheng)治,整(zheng)治后的(de)公園管理服務用房比過去減少600平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),只占總面積(ji)(ji)的(de)4.7%,而綠化面積(ji)(ji)達35600多(duo)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),占總面積(ji)(ji)的(de)70% [28]
從(cong)南大(da)殿進入(ru)后首先是以(yi)草(cao)坪為主(zhu)基調的(de)基臺(tai)奉(feng)天殿,它和(he)已有的(de)華蓋殿、謹身殿,形成(cheng)以(yi)舊制象(xiang)征性的(de)三(san)大(da)殿須(xu)彌(mi)座輪廓(kuo)主(zhu)景(jing),三(san)大(da)殿四周(zhou)以(yi)青灰色石(shi)材鋪設,既(ji)為游(you)人(ren)提供活動空間,又以(yi)宮(gong)殿傳統格局“土”字造(zao)型突出宮(gong)城主(zhu)殿格局。
公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)后半部分以(yi)(yi)(yi)御花園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)綠化(hua)為(wei)(wei)背景(jing),中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上以(yi)(yi)(yi)高大的(de)(de)(de)古樹銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)樹池四周(zhou)配以(yi)(yi)(yi)青石木條,東(dong)側以(yi)(yi)(yi)亭(ting)(ting)為(wei)(wei)主景(jing),配以(yi)(yi)(yi)青磚(zhuan)(zhuan)等(deng)不同形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)林間小道(dao),西以(yi)(yi)(yi)一組仿古建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)主景(jing)。北大殿兩側新建(jian)兩個角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)。在保(bao)留(liu)原有綠化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,為(wei)(wei)體現紫禁城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)宏偉氣勢(shi),環境整治中(zhong)新增鋪磚(zhuan)(zhuan)地10000平方(fang)米,增加的(de)(de)(de)植物有銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)、香(xiang)樟(zhang)、國槐(huai)、五針松(song)、紅(hong)楓(feng)、櫸樹和桂花等(deng)名貴喬木700余多株,公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)四周(zhou)栽(zai)植法青18000株,形(xing)成綠蘺墻,從而形(xing)成色(se)彩多樣(yang)、層次豐富(fu)、疏密(mi)有致、季(ji)相變化(hua)明顯的(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)林景(jing)觀,外五龍橋、午朝門、內五龍橋、明故(gu)宮(gong)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)、御帶河這一縱(zong)向城(cheng)市軸(zhou)線為(wei)(wei)明故(gu)宮(gong)景(jing)觀的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)。
2011年(nian)后,南(nan)京市政(zheng)府規劃論證新的保護利用明故(gu)宮遺址(zhi)(zhi)的方案(an),并打造成國家級遺址(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)園。
2015年2月初,國家文物局(ju)官方(fang)網站公布《關于明(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址核心(xin)區(qu)環(huan)境整治及重點遺(yi)跡標(biao)識(shi)展示工程立項的批復》,文件(jian)中寫明(ming)(ming):“原則同(tong)意明(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址御道(dao)街景觀標(biao)識(shi)、午門廣場環(huan)境整治、中山東路道(dao)路鋪(pu)裝改造、三大(da)殿臺基遺(yi)跡標(biao)識(shi)展示等工程立項。”
標(biao)識系統(tong)還原(yuan)宮(gong)城
2012年,由東南大(da)(da)(da)學教授陳薇(wei)領銜設計的(de)(de)(de)《南京明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)總體規(gui)(2012~2032)》中(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)到,保(bao)護(hu)規(gui)劃時(shi)間跨(kua)度為(wei)20年,其中(zhong)(zhong)按照時(shi)間順序,大(da)(da)(da)致要(yao)點為(wei)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整保(bao)護(hu)與(yu)展示,即御(yu)道街的(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)改造(zao)、兩個遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公園的(de)(de)(de)本體展示和環境(jing)改造(zao);明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)宮(gong)(gong)壕的(de)(de)(de)溝通與(yu)環境(jing)整治;三大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)考古(gu)保(bao)護(hu)棚;復建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)城東北角樓;乾清宮(gong)(gong)、省躬殿(dian)、坤寧宮(gong)(gong)、社稷廟、太(tai)廟的(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)展示;西(xi)(xi)安門(men)、東安門(men)、東華(hua)門(men)、西(xi)(xi)華(hua)門(men)等遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公園的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整與(yu)建(jian)設等。同時(shi),文物部門(men)還將在明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上豎立(li)標識系(xi)統(tong),標記出明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)內各(ge)大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)、水(shui)系(xi)、道路的(de)(de)(de)布局。在不用復建(jian)所有宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況下,能讓人們對(dui)600年前的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)朝皇宮(gong)(gong)有總體了解。
此(ci)次(ci)國(guo)家文物局的批復書(shu)中提(ti)到,為了加(jia)強對(dui)已有(you)考古(gu)資料的研究,將由專業考古(gu)研究單位在(zai)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮遺(yi)址上補(bu)充開展(zhan)必要的考古(gu)工(gong)作(zuo),明(ming)(ming)確明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮遺(yi)址的布局特征、營造方(fang)式及遺(yi)跡(ji)保存情況,為環(huan)境(jing)整治及標(biao)(biao)(biao)識展(zhan)示(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)的實施(shi)提(ti)供依據。三大殿臺基遺(yi)跡(ji)及兩(liang)宮生活區的環(huan)境(jing)整治及標(biao)(biao)(biao)識展(zhan)示(shi)工(gong)程(cheng),則應(ying)注意控(kong)制總體景(jing)觀(guan)環(huan)境(jing),突出遺(yi)址氛圍,恰當體現明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮遺(yi)址的核心價(jia)值。應(ying)深化標(biao)(biao)(biao)識系統(tong)的內(nei)(nei)容設計。科學、全面、準確地闡釋遺(yi)址內(nei)(nei)涵,并盡量做到通俗易懂。
明(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)范圍內(nei)有民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時期建(jian)(jian)起來的(de)明(ming)(ming)故宮飛(fei)機場,國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)政府(fu)多個中(zhong)央(yang)機構也(ye)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)明(ming)(ming)故宮原址(zhi)上。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第二歷(li)史檔案館(原國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨中(zhong)央(yang)黨史史料陳列館舊址(zhi))、鐘山賓館(原勵志社(she)舊址(zhi))以及原國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨中(zhong)央(yang)監察(cha)委員會辦公樓(lou)舊址(zhi)等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)均為民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。在(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)來的(de)明(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)核(he)心區的(de)環境整治中(zhong),這些民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)進行原址(zhi)保護。