午(wu)門作(zuo)為宮(gong)城(cheng)南大門(正門),中(zhong)門只走(zou)帝后鑾駕(jia),左右側門也只有公(gong)、侯、駙馬、文官(guan)三(san)品(pin)(pin)和武官(guan)四品(pin)(pin)以上(shang)的官(guan)員才準許出入,其他品(pin)(pin)級只能(neng)走(zou)兩(liang)闕門入,兩(liang)掖門出。午(wu)門除了(le)是(shi)官(guan)員出入之門外,還是(shi)傳達圣(sheng)旨及(ji)朝廷告書的地方(fang),也是(shi)皇(huang)帝處罰大臣“廷杖”之地。
南(nan)京故宮午門在營建(jian)之初并無雙闕,明洪(hong)武(wu)八年(nian)(1375年(nian))因(yin)朱元璋下詔放棄營建(jian)明中都,集中力量修建(jian)南(nan)京都城(cheng),增設兩闕(包(bao)括左右闕門)及左右掖(ye)門。
午(wu)門是宮城(cheng)的(de)(de)正(zheng)大門,是一(yi)座三孔(kong)門卷兩邊有雙闋(que)的(de)(de)雄偉建(jian)(jian)筑。樓頂有漂亮奢華的(de)(de)儀鳳(feng)樓,整(zheng)個(ge)午(wu)門平(ping)面呈(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)倒(dao)寫的(de)(de)“凹”字型(xing),兩邊是伸長出去(qu)的(de)(de)雙闋(que),雙闋(que)源(yuan)自秦漢時期的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)式,到了明故宮時期的(de)(de)午(wu)門雙闋(que)已(yi)經是這(zhe)種建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)式的(de)(de)最(zui)后(hou)殘余了。
民國十三年(1924年)午(wu)門(men)(men)雙闋因(yin)建明故宮機場(chang)被拆除,只留下(xia)了一座(zuo)三孔門(men)(men)洞,午(wu)門(men)(men)之上的(de)五鳳(feng)樓(lou)也(ye)早已(yi)(yi)毀圮(pi)。從午(wu)門(men)(men)上精美(mei)的(de)纏枝如意(yi)紋(wen)須彌座(zuo)來看,這種(zhong)簡約但唯美(mei)的(de)裝飾代表(biao)了明初高規格的(de)建筑風(feng)格,也(ye)永久的(de)影響了后來的(de)風(feng)格,樓(lou)頂(ding)殘留的(de)百(bai)余座(zuo)寬大(da)的(de)柱礎,還能(neng)管(guan)窺原(yuan)來上面(mian)儀(yi)鳳(feng)樓(lou)的(de)輝煌。午(wu)門(men)(men)遺址以及后面(mian)的(de)奉(feng)天門(men)(men)遺址現在已(yi)(yi)經一起被開辟為午(wu)朝門(men)(men)公園(yuan),為政府公益性的(de)公園(yuan)。
如(ru)今(jin)的(de)午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)本(ben)色(se),漢白玉(yu)須彌座(zuo)和三孔券門(men)(men)(men)均保存完好,站(zhan)在(zai)午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)之上還(huan)可以遠眺御道街。在(zai)南(nan)京民間(jian)還(huan)傳(chuan)有“午(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)”和“五(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)”之名,皆因午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)三門(men)(men)(men)加左右兩掖(ye)門(men)(men)(men),合計(ji)五(wu)門(men)(men)(men),且均為上朝(chao)之門(men)(men)(men),故有此名。
奉(feng)天門(men)始建于1366年(元至正二十(shi)六年),從午門(men)入,過內五(wu)龍橋,便是奉(feng)天門(men),門(men)內為奉(feng)天殿。奉(feng)天門(men)遺(yi)址東西長58米,南(nan)北寬30米。奉(feng)天門(men)是皇帝接見(jian)大(da)臣(chen)議(yi)事的地方,即“御門(men)聽政”之所(suo)。永樂初,明成祖朱棣曾在(zai)此舉(ju)行(xing)(xing)國(guo)宴接見(jian)過渤(bo)泥國(guo)王一(yi)行(xing)(xing)。
與西華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)相對應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men),是現在南京明(ming)代宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅存的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)過去長期(qi)被(bei)南京冶(ye)金器材(cai)廠圈占,成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)個垃(la)圾(ji)堆,一(yi)般人(ren)根本無從知道。隨著(zhu)東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)成(cheng),大(da)家終(zhong)于可以(yi)一(yi)睹(du)東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)姿。東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)西安門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小,形制相似(si),但(dan)和(he)西安門(men)(men)(men)(men)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)是,其(qi)須彌座都為素(su)面(mian),沒有卷葉(xie)紋的(de)(de)(de)雕飾,風格顯(xian)得(de)比較簡樸(pu)。這一(yi)點真實的(de)(de)(de)反映了(le)當年朱元璋要求簡樸(pu)建(jian)宮殿的(de)(de)(de)命令。東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)南北兩(liang)面(mian)有明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻拆斷痕跡(ji),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓頂上的(de)(de)(de)儀鳳樓早(zao)已無存,并且曾有破壞。東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)已被(bei)修復開(kai)放,為東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公園(yuan),其(qi)南面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)券(quan)內仍保留著(zhu)明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)路面(mian),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓頂有明(ming)代儀鳳樓遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡(ji)石礎,能(neng)明(ming)顯(xian)看出廊廡遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡(ji)。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門遺址(zhi),與西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門在(zai)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)一條中軸線上(shang)(shang)。2001年(nian),在(zai)此施工的單(dan)位無意中挖(wa)掘出(chu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)華門的遺址(zhi),僅存三座(zuo)門券(quan)的須彌座(zuo)和磚(zhuan)石路面,這使(shi)得西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)門被(bei)(bei)長期以來(lai)被(bei)(bei)誤(wu)傳(chuan)為西(xi)(xi)(xi)華門的現象(xiang)徹底被(bei)(bei)證實(shi)。從位置上(shang)(shang)來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)華門緊鄰護城(cheng)河;從形制上(shang)(shang)來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)華門僅存的須彌座(zuo)和東(dong)華門一模(mo)一樣,都為素面,所以現在(zai)的西(xi)(xi)(xi)華門的遺址(zhi)準確無疑。
過去被長期誤(wu)稱(cheng)為“西華(hua)門(men)(men)”的(de)(de)(de)西安門(men)(men)是(shi)明故(gu)宮皇城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)西面的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),由于整個(ge)皇城(cheng)(cheng)偏(pian)在南京城(cheng)(cheng)東南,出(chu)(chu)了東安門(men)(men)便是(shi)朝陽(yang)門(men)(men)(今中山門(men)(men)),出(chu)(chu)朝陽(yang)門(men)(men)就(jiu)出(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)了,西安門(men)(men)是(shi)進出(chu)(chu)皇城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),故(gu)其(qi)使(shi)用頻率較高(gao),西安門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)規格很高(gao),僅(jin)次于午(wu)門(men)(men),門(men)(men)外(東)有一(yi)座寬(kuan)大的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)津橋(qiao)(至(zhi)今尚存(cun)),可見當年此門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)重要。
而(er)修復(fu)(fu)之(zhi)前(qian),西(xi)安(an)門(men)(men)長期被淹沒在雜亂的(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)垃圾建筑之(zhi)中(一(yi)直(zhi)作為某單位的(de)(de)(de)倉(cang)庫(ku),周圍是金(jin)城(cheng)機械廠的(de)(de)(de)宿(su)舍),如果不(bu)是當地的(de)(de)(de)居民,一(yi)般都不(bu)會(hui)知(zhi)道南京還(huan)(huan)有(you)這樣一(yi)座城(cheng)門(men)(men)。修復(fu)(fu)挖掘之(zhi)后,我們看(kan)到(dao)了以(yi)前(qian)看(kan)不(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)情況,西(xi)安(an)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)須彌座和(he)午(wu)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)須彌座一(yi)模一(yi)樣,都是刻有(you)典型明初風格的(de)(de)(de)卷葉紋樣的(de)(de)(de)裝飾的(de)(de)(de)石構(gou)件(jian),北(bei)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)券內還(huan)(huan)保留著明代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)路面(mian)。
西安(an)(an)門(men)和其它的(de)城(cheng)門(men)不同,從(cong)現(xian)場(chang)挖掘的(de)遺址來看,一(yi)邊的(de)須彌(mi)座一(yi)直向(xiang)(xiang)南三十余米,折向(xiang)(xiang)東也有二十余米的(de)須彌(mi)座,可(ke)以推測(ce)出西安(an)(an)門(men)當年(nian)規模較大,并且不與城(cheng)墻在一(yi)條線上,整(zheng)個城(cheng)門(men)向(xiang)(xiang)外凸出,在門(men)內形成了一(yi)個小廣場(chang),象一(yi)個小甕城(cheng)。而當年(nian)真實(shi)的(de)造型已經無法(fa)看出,由此可(ke)管窺(kui)當年(nian)明故宮(gong)建筑的(de)“神秘”,估(gu)計(ji)當年(nian)東安(an)(an)門(men)也有此類設計(ji)。
玄(xuan)津橋(qiao)在中山(shan)東路(lu)逸(yi)仙(xian)橋(qiao)南,為(wei)(wei)(wei)三孔石(shi)拱橋(qiao),長41.6米(mi),寬19.1米(mi),始(shi)建于明初時,玄(xuan)津橋(qiao)原橋(qiao)面(mian)、橋(qiao)欄(lan)兩端各有一(yi)對(dui)石(shi)獅(shi)。明末橋(qiao)兩側還(huan)建有游廊。1981年橋(qiao)面(mian)改瀝(li)青(qing)路(lu)面(mian),橋(qiao)欄(lan)用水泥補砌。玄(xuan)津橋(qiao)在明初為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)城(cheng)西華門(men)出入(ru)要道,跨古楊吳城(cheng)壕。清代為(wei)(wei)(wei)避康(kang)熙帝玄(xuan)燁(ye)之諱(hui),改為(wei)(wei)(wei)元津橋(qiao)。
1929年為迎接孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)先(xian)生靈梓而辟(pi)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)東路并建逸(yi)仙橋(qiao),玄津橋(qiao)不(bu)在做為交通要道。2001年仿照明(ming)代風(feng)格(ge)用漢(han)白玉修復了(le)橋(qiao)欄。
明(ming)(ming)洪武元年(1368年),按左祖(zu)右(you)社之制,明(ming)(ming)太祖(zu)朱元璋定(ding)四親廟(miao)(miao)(miao)之祭于南京,其制為每(mei)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)一(yi)主,廟(miao)(miao)(miao)皆南向,繚以周垣;
明洪武九(jiu)年(nian)(1376年(nian))改建(jian)太廟,恢(hui)復了前廟后寢制(zhi)度。正(zheng)殿幾(ji)座止設衣冠而(er)不(bu)奉(feng)神主,又(you)以親王配(pei)享(xiang)于(yu)東壁(bi),功臣配(pei)享(xiang)于(yu)西壁(bi)。寢殿九(jiu)間,分間奉(feng)藏神主,為同(tong)堂異(yi)室(shi)之制(zhi)。“幾(ji)席床榻、衾褥(ru)軍施、筐笥(si)帷(wei)慢器(qi)皿之屬,皆如事生(sheng)之儀”,明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)北(bei)京太廟,規制(zhi)與(yu)南京同(tong)。
明太祖吳(wu)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1367年(nian)(nian)(nian))落成南京(jing)社(she)稷壇(tan),如元(yuan)制(zhi),為(wei)異壇(tan)同譴之制(zhi),兩(liang)壇(tan)相去五(wu)丈,太社(she)在東,太稷在西,壇(tan)而不屋(wu),若遇(yu)風雨,則于(yu)齋(zhai)宮望(wang)祭。洪武(wu)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1370年(nian)(nian)(nian))于(yu)壇(tan)北建享(xiang)殿五(wu)間,又北建拜殿五(wu)間,以備風雨。洪武(wu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1377年(nian)(nian)(nian)),太祖朱元(yuan)璋認為(wei)社(she)稷分為(wei)二壇(tan)祭祀不合經典,于(yu)是按“左祖右社(she)”古制(zhi),改作社(she)稷壇(tan)于(yu)午門外之右,社(she)稷共(gong)為(wei)一壇(tan)。
明故宮散(san)(san)落遺跡眾多,包括地上(shang)地下的,和(he)流散(san)(san)文物,此處僅為部分散(san)(san)落遺跡。
南京(jing)桂林(lin)石屋遺(yi)址內(nei)的一些明故宮(gong)遺(yi)跡,有柱欄(lan)、石螭等,是(shi)原國民(min)黨主(zhu)席林(lin)森(sen)修(xiu)建(jian)自己的別墅桂林(lin)石屋特意從明故宮(gong)遺(yi)址上(shang)“調用”的一批石雕(diao)。
浙(zhe)江菩陀山(shan)法雨(yu)寺中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮遺跡:清(qing)(qing)康熙三十(shi)八年(1699年),經康熙批準,拆遷南京明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮宮殿(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)琉(liu)璃(li)(li)瓦(wa),九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)藻(zao)井,丹(dan)陛等(deng)物(wu)發往法雨(yu)寺建成九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)大殿(dian)(dian)(又稱圓通殿(dian)(dian)),九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)國內(nei)寺院建筑規格(ge)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座佛殿(dian)(dian)。法雨(yu)寺中(zhong)還(huan)保(bao)留了原(yuan)本為(wei)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮的(de)(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)陛、欄板、九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)藻(zao)井以(yi)及(ji)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)屋頂(ding)琉(liu)璃(li)(li)瓦(wa)、琉(liu)璃(li)(li)構(gou)件(jian),每一(yi)(yi)件(jian)都十(shi)分精彩,彌足(zu)珍(zhen)貴(gui)。其(qi)中(zhong)珍(zhen)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是從明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮大殿(dian)(dian)拆來(lai)九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)藻(zao)井,被(bei)安置在(zai)法雨(yu)寺九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)中(zhong)間頂(ding)部(bu),九(jiu)(jiu)條木(mu)雕金龍(long)(long)依(yi)然完好,經過修(xiu)葺但還(huan)基本保(bao)持(chi)原(yuan)樣(yang),充(chong)分反映出(chu)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮建筑風(feng)格(ge)重氣(qi)勢而不追求過分華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)“簡樸”風(feng)格(ge)。從法雨(yu)寺九(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)殿(dian)(dian)琉(liu)璃(li)(li)頂(ding)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮琉(liu)璃(li)(li)構(gou)件(jian)以(yi)及(ji)其(qi)它一(yi)(yi)些(xie)明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮琉(liu)璃(li)(li)構(gou)件(jian)來(lai)看,包括瓦(wa)當、滴水、正脊、垂獸、截獸、正吻等(deng),與后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國明(ming)(ming)清(qing)(qing)官式建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)琉(liu)璃(li)(li)構(gou)件(jian)十(shi)分相(xiang)象,可見明(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑風(feng)格(ge),裝飾(shi)風(feng)格(ge)為(wei)中(zhong)國明(ming)(ming)清(qing)(qing)官式建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)板,影響(xiang)其(qi)后幾百年至今(jin)。
明代(dai)(dai)洪武(wu)年(nian)間的(de)(de)陶瓷龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)傳世不多,而南京故(gu)宮出土的(de)(de)洪武(wu)白釉紅彩龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)盤是有(you)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)性(xing)的(de)(de)。其(qi)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)造型基(ji)本上保持著元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)形狀:頭小,頸細(xi),身細(xi)長,鱗狀龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen),周圍襯托(tuo)以(yi)火焰紋(wen)(wen),如(ru)意頭狀朵云;頭的(de)(de)疏毛(mao)和肘的(de)(de)毛(mao)比元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)更少,僅(jin)三(san)、四條而矣;龍(long)(long)爪五(wu)趾,改(gai)變了(le)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)時三(san)、四趾的(de)(de)現象,而且這時的(de)(de)五(wu)趾相(xiang)靠較(jiao)近(jin)。
1995年(nian)8月中(zhong)(zhong)旬,在(zai)(zai)明故宮(gong)皇城遺(yi)址內(nei),玉帶河西側施工工地(di)發現(xian)一口古(gu)井(jing)。井(jing)直徑3米(mi),井(jing)壁(bi)使用了楔(xie)形磚砌成(cheng),古(gu)井(jing)早年(nian)荒廢,在(zai)(zai)淘井(jing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)井(jing)底橫放(fang)一排方(fang)木,在(zai)(zai)木排上淤泥中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了一批(pi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)盞(zhan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)盤(pan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)爵(jue)(jue)杯和中(zhong)(zhong)國發現(xian)在(zai)(zai)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上用紅(hong)色(se)書寫“賞(shang)(shang)賜(si)(si)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶。經國內(nei)多位古(gu)陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)專(zhuan)家鑒定,定為(wei)(wei)明洪(hong)武(wu)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。這(zhe)是中(zhong)(zhong)國惟一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一件明洪(hong)武(wu)“賞(shang)(shang)賜(si)(si)”梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶,現(xian)存于(yu)南京博物院,為(wei)(wei)國家級國寶(bao)藏品(pin)。此(ci)(ci)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶高34厘米(mi)、底徑10.5厘米(mi)。細頸、豐肩(jian)、瘦長腹(fu)(fu)、下腹(fu)(fu)微斂(lian),脛部(bu)(bu)外撇。腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)兩道明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胎接(jie)痕,底部(bu)(bu)斑駁釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)跡(ji)。呈(cheng)色(se)介于(yu)元樞俯釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和明永(yong)樂(le)(le)甜(tian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)之間,肩(jian)部(bu)(bu)豎寫楷書“賞(shang)(shang)賜(si)(si)”二(er)字(zi),為(wei)(wei)鐵紅(hong)料釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下彩。此(ci)(ci)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶和洪(hong)武(wu)十二(er)年(nian)吳禎墓出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶相比,更接(jie)近元代風格,為(wei)(wei)明洪(hong)武(wu)早期產品(pin),是景德鎮洪(hong)武(wu)官(guan)窯為(wei)(wei)朱(zhu)元璋專(zhuan)門(men)燒制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒器(qi)。井(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)爵(jue)(jue)杯。這(zhe)批(pi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)制作(zuo)規范,釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)溫潤,有(you)(you)(you)明永(yong)樂(le)(le)甜(tian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)之氣。盤(pan)、盞(zhan)底足(zu)平切,均(jun)為(wei)(wei)細砂底。但無一件有(you)(you)(you)永(yong)樂(le)(le)刻款,應晚于(yu)“賞(shang)(shang)賜(si)(si)”梅(mei)(mei)(mei)瓶,是明永(yong)樂(le)(le)甜(tian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身(shen)。值得一提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)暗花五(wu)爪(zhua)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)產品(pin)。從表面(mian)看此(ci)(ci)類盞(zhan)與其他白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)無任(ren)何區別,在(zai)(zai)燈光(guang)照(zhao)下薄薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盞(zhan)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)錐刻精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)爪(zhua)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)壁(bi)模印(yin)五(wu)爪(zhua)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen),盤(pan)心有(you)(you)(you)淺(qian)刻三朵云紋(wen)(wen)和寶(bao)杵紋(wen)(wen)。兩種(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)飾是明洪(hong)武(wu)時期典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表紋(wen)(wen)飾。特別是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)爵(jue)(jue)杯,是帝王祭祀用品(pin),生產數量極少,非常珍貴(gui)。這(zhe)批(pi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)土(tu),證明了明早期洪(hong)武(wu)官(guan)窯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai),反(fan)映(ying)了明早期白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)貌。
2003年6月,南(nan)京航空航天(tian)大(da)學綜合(he)辦公(gong)大(da)樓建(jian)設工(gong)地(di)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)一(yi)座古水(shui)井(jing),土了(le)大(da)批(pi)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)珍貴文物,其(qi)(qi)中有件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)龍(long)泉(quan)青(qing)瓷大(da)罐(guan),制作甚精,堪稱明(ming)代(dai)(dai)龍(long)泉(quan)青(qing)瓷少有的發(fa)(fa)現(xian),對(dui)于探討明(ming)代(dai)(dai)龍(long)泉(quan)官窯燒造以(yi)(yi)(yi)及元明(ming)龍(long)泉(quan)青(qing)瓷器(qi)型演變具有重要(yao)(yao)意義。井(jing)內水(shui)位較高,而無淤泥(ni),大(da)量填(tian)充(chong)于內的是明(ming)代(dai)(dai)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中有不少建(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)黑,似火燒后(hou)留(liu)下的痕跡。根據材(cai)質的不同,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)將(jiang)出(chu)土文物分為陶器(qi)、石(shi)(shi)器(qi)、金屬(shu)器(qi)、瓷器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。陶器(qi)除(chu)少量韓瓶,余皆為建(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中又以(yi)(yi)(yi)琉璃構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為大(da)宗。琉璃構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)均為黃色(se),包括各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)龍(long)紋瓦(wa)(wa)當(dang)、滴水(shui),各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尺寸的板瓦(wa)(wa)、筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa),角套獸殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),壓脊獸殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),吻獸殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是方(fang)形鋪地(di)磚、石(shi)(shi)欄(lan)桿柱(zhu)頭殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。金屬(shu)器(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是用于門窗的各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和裝飾器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),如大(da)型的銅(tong)門窩、圓(yuan)形或方(fang)形銅(tong)柱(zhu)帽、云形銅(tong)飾件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),除(chu)此以(yi)(yi)(yi)外還(huan)有大(da)面積(ji)的銅(tong)絲網(wang),金屬(shu)器(qi)皿等(deng)(deng)。
南(nan)京(jing)明故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)公園位于(yu)南(nan)京(jing)市城東原明朝(chao)皇城遺(yi)址(zhi),南(nan)邊(bian)以中山東路(lu)為(wei)界,與午(wu)朝(chao)門公園隔路(lu)相望,北面至北安門橋,由東西兩側明故宮路(lu)圍(wei)合的部(bu)分占地約55474平(ping)方(fang)米,遺(yi)址(zhi)被分為(wei)南(nan)北兩部(bu)分。
2005年和2006年的環境綜(zong)合整(zheng)治(zhi),整(zheng)治(zhi)后(hou)的公園管理服(fu)務(wu)用房比過去減少600平方米,只占總(zong)面積的4.7%,而綠化面積達35600多平方米,占總(zong)面積的70% [28]
從南大殿(dian)(dian)進入(ru)后首先(xian)是(shi)以(yi)草坪為主(zhu)基(ji)調的基(ji)臺奉天(tian)殿(dian)(dian),它和已有的華(hua)蓋(gai)殿(dian)(dian)、謹身殿(dian)(dian),形(xing)成(cheng)以(yi)舊制象征(zheng)性(xing)的三大殿(dian)(dian)須彌(mi)座輪(lun)廓主(zhu)景,三大殿(dian)(dian)四周以(yi)青灰色石材鋪設(she),既為游人(ren)提(ti)供活動空間,又以(yi)宮殿(dian)(dian)傳統(tong)格局“土”字造型突出宮城(cheng)主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)格局。
公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)后半部分以御花園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)化為(wei)(wei)背景(jing),中(zhong)軸線(xian)上以高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)古樹銀杏樹池(chi)四(si)周(zhou)配(pei)以青(qing)(qing)石木條,東側(ce)以亭(ting)為(wei)(wei)主景(jing),配(pei)以青(qing)(qing)磚等不同形式的(de)(de)(de)林(lin)間(jian)小道,西(xi)以一組仿古建筑為(wei)(wei)主景(jing)。北大(da)殿兩側(ce)新(xin)建兩個角亭(ting)。在保留原有綠(lv)化的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,為(wei)(wei)體現紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)宏偉氣勢,環境整治中(zhong)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)鋪磚地10000平方米(mi),增(zeng)(zeng)加的(de)(de)(de)植物有銀杏、香樟、國槐(huai)、五(wu)針松、紅楓、櫸樹和桂花等名貴喬木700余(yu)多(duo)株,公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)四(si)周(zhou)栽植法青(qing)(qing)18000株,形成綠(lv)蘺(li)墻,從而(er)形成色彩多(duo)樣、層次豐富、疏密有致(zhi)、季相變化明顯的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)家園(yuan)林(lin)景(jing)觀,外五(wu)龍橋、午朝門、內五(wu)龍橋、明故(gu)宮(gong)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)、御帶河這(zhe)一縱向城(cheng)(cheng)市軸線(xian)為(wei)(wei)明故(gu)宮(gong)景(jing)觀的(de)(de)(de)重點。
2011年后(hou),南京市政府規(gui)劃論證新的保護利(li)用明故宮遺(yi)(yi)址的方案,并打(da)造成(cheng)國家級遺(yi)(yi)址公園。
2015年2月初,國家文物局(ju)官方網站(zhan)公布《關于明故宮(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)核心區環境(jing)整治(zhi)及重(zhong)點遺(yi)跡(ji)標識(shi)展示工(gong)程立項的批復》,文件(jian)中寫明:“原則同意明故宮(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)御(yu)道(dao)街景(jing)觀標識(shi)、午門廣(guang)場環境(jing)整治(zhi)、中山東路(lu)道(dao)路(lu)鋪(pu)裝改(gai)造、三(san)大殿臺(tai)基遺(yi)跡(ji)標識(shi)展示等工(gong)程立項。”
標識系統還原宮城
2012年(nian),由東(dong)南(nan)大學教授(shou)陳薇領(ling)銜設計的(de)《南(nan)京明故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)遺址保護(hu)總體(ti)規(2012~2032)》中(zhong)提到,保護(hu)規劃時(shi)(shi)間跨度(du)為(wei)(wei)20年(nian),其中(zhong)按照時(shi)(shi)間順序,大致要(yao)點為(wei)(wei)明故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)軸線(xian)中(zhong)心區的(de)完整(zheng)保護(hu)與展(zhan)示,即御道街的(de)景觀改造(zao)、兩個遺址公(gong)園的(de)本體(ti)展(zhan)示和環(huan)境改造(zao);明故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)壕的(de)溝通與環(huan)境整(zheng)治;三大殿遺址考古(gu)保護(hu)棚;復(fu)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)城東(dong)北角(jiao)樓;乾清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、省(sheng)躬殿、坤寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、社(she)稷廟(miao)、太廟(miao)的(de)考古(gu)展(zhan)示;西(xi)安門(men)、東(dong)安門(men)、東(dong)華門(men)、西(xi)華門(men)等(deng)遺址公(gong)園的(de)完整(zheng)與建設等(deng)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),文物部(bu)門(men)還將(jiang)在明故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)遺址上豎立標(biao)識系(xi)統,標(biao)記出明故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)內各(ge)大殿、水(shui)系(xi)、道路的(de)布(bu)局(ju)。在不用復(fu)建所有(you)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿的(de)情況(kuang)下,能讓人們對600年(nian)前的(de)明朝(chao)皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)總體(ti)了解(jie)。
此次國家文物局的批復書(shu)中提到,為了(le)加(jia)強對已(yi)有考(kao)古資料的研究,將由專(zhuan)業考(kao)古研究單位在(zai)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)上補充開展必要(yao)的考(kao)古工(gong)(gong)作,明(ming)確明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的布局特(te)征(zheng)、營造方式及(ji)遺(yi)跡(ji)保存(cun)情況,為環境整(zheng)治及(ji)標(biao)識展示工(gong)(gong)程的實施(shi)提供依(yi)據。三(san)大殿臺基(ji)遺(yi)跡(ji)及(ji)兩(liang)宮(gong)(gong)生活區的環境整(zheng)治及(ji)標(biao)識展示工(gong)(gong)程,則應注意控制(zhi)總體景觀環境,突出遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)氛圍(wei),恰當體現明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的核心價值。應深化標(biao)識系統的內容(rong)設計。科學、全面、準確地(di)闡釋遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)內涵,并盡量做(zuo)到通(tong)俗易(yi)懂。
明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)范(fan)圍內有民(min)國(guo)(guo)時期建(jian)起來的(de)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)飛機(ji)(ji)場,國(guo)(guo)民(min)政府多個中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)機(ji)(ji)構也建(jian)在(zai)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)原(yuan)(yuan)址(zhi)上。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第二歷史(shi)檔案館(guan)(原(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)(guo)民(min)黨中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)黨史(shi)史(shi)料陳列館(guan)舊址(zhi))、鐘山賓館(guan)(原(yuan)(yuan)勵志社舊址(zhi))以(yi)及原(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)(guo)民(min)黨中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)監(jian)察(cha)委(wei)員會(hui)辦公(gong)樓舊址(zhi)等建(jian)筑均為民(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑。在(zai)將來的(de)明(ming)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)核心(xin)區的(de)環境整治中(zhong)(zhong),這些民(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑將進行原(yuan)(yuan)址(zhi)保護。